Zhun Xu and Jay Zhao, Microphotoacoustics Inc.
Switching from optical resolution to acoustic resolution allows scientists to extract more information from samples.
Optical imaging offers the prospect of visualizing anatomical structures and detecting functional characteristics with nonionizing radiation,1 but the predominant optical scattering in tissue limits penetration at high spatial resolution to depths within one transport mean-free path (typically, ~1 mm in tissue).1,2 Also, traditional optical microscopy fails to provide in vivo physiological information such as blood oxygenation and flow rate in vasculature, which is required by clinical and research studies.2-6
Photoacoustic imaging, emerging as a promising biomedical imaging technology, combines the advantages of optical imaging (high sensitivity) and ultrasonic imaging (low scattering). With ultrasonic detection of optical absorption in biological tissues, photoacoustic imaging yields a relatively large depth-to-resolution ratio among all the optical imaging technologies.1-7 During the imaging process, the target is irradiated by a pulsed laser beam, and the ultrasonic waves are generated through thermoelastic conversion and detected by an ultrasonic transducer.
The attributes of multiscale spatial resolution, noninvasive functionality and relatively large penetration depth render photoacoustic imaging well suited for various biomedical applications across a wide range of length scales, from centimeter-size breast tumors to micrometer-size single red blood cells. Many optical absorbers have proved useful in photoacoustic imaging as well, such as hemoglobin,7 melanoma,8 water,9,10 lipids,11 and various natural and artificial contrast agents.12-15
A new integrated rapid-scanning PAM (photoacoustic microscopy) system (Figure 1) is switchable between optical-resolution PAM (OR-PAM) and acoustic-resolution PAM (AR-PAM), which can provide biological functional information in tissue with high resolution and depth.
Figure 1. A new photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) system is switchable between optical-resolution PAM and acoustic-resolution PAM. This flexibility can provide functional information in tissue with high resolution and depth. Images courtesy of MicroPhotoAcoustics Inc.
In the system, two Q-switched fiber lasers (for OR- and AR-PAM, respectively) provide photoacoustic irradiation at a wavelength of 532 nm. By replacing a single-mode fiber with a multimode one configured with a different collimator lens, keeping all other parts unchanged, it is easy to switch between OR-PAM and AR-PAM modes. The B-scan rate for OR-PAM across a 2-mm line is ~5 Hz (0.625-µm step size), and for AR-PAM, ~50 Hz (6.25-µm step size).
By using nanotubes as targets, the lateral resolution of the OR-PAM was measured as 2.56 µm, in good agreement with the theoretical resolution, calculated as 0.61λ/NA ≈ 2.55 µm.
Several in vivo mouse images obtained by the system are shown in Figure 2. Figures 2a and 2b are mouse ear and brain OR-PAM images. During the brain imaging process, the scalp was removed, but the skull was kept intact (Figure 2b). Taking advantage of the high lateral resolution, OR-PAM resolves capillaries very well. Figure 2c is an AR-PAM image of the mouse’s back. Vasculature structure lying ~400 nm to 1.2 mm beneath the surface is revealed.
Figure 2. In vivo images of a mouse: (a) mouse ear and (b) brain imaged by optical-resolution PAM; (c) mouse back imaged by acoustic-resolution PAM. The photographs are shown in the left column. The photoacoustic amplitude in each image in the right column was normalized.
One special application of PAM is in revealing the use of oxygen by tissues; i.e., the blood oxygen saturation (sO2), especially the sO2 distributions in capillaries.5,16 This is achieved by using the spectral difference between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. In this work, two lasers at wavelengths of 532 and 560 nm were triggered sequentially to irradiate the imaging target at each point (A line) in B-scans. A photodiode monitored the fluctuation in laser intensity. The maximum-amplitude-projection (MAP) image at 532 nm and the sO2 image are shown in Figures 3a and 3b, respectively.
PAM also is a promising imaging modality for clinical studies. Figure 4 shows its potential in imaging the human vascular structure within ~1 mm beneath the surface of the skin. The photoacoustic signal from above the epidermal-dermal junction was removed during the construction of the MAP images. Significant vascular differences among skin from different regions were visualized; here, PAM demonstrates its feasibility to assess microvascular functioning in humans. Examining the microvascular networks in human skin in vivo can aid the study and understanding of microcirculation. The potential uses of PAM include diagnosis of many cardiovascular disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, renal and vascular diseases as well as monitoring of hemangiomas and angiogenesis of tumors.17
Figure 3. Revealing blood oxygen saturation is one application of PAM. Here, in vivo mouse ear blood-oxygen-saturation images: (a) maximum-amplitude-projection image at 532 nm; (b) sO2 image.
The combination selectively provides high-resolution images of relatively shallow features and useful images, albeit at lower resolution, of deeper structures and targets. It effectively bridges the scales of microscopic research and clinical practice.
More applications of this technology – including testing of drug response, biomarkers and gene activities – are expected with the help of organic dyes, reporter genes and nanoparticles. Melanoma imaging, gastrointestinal tract endoscopy, intravascular catheter imaging, neonatal brain imaging, breast cancer imaging and sentinel lymph node needle biopsy for cancer staging are anticipated in our future clinical applications.16
Figure 4. Human images (all at 532 nm): (a) cuticle image by optical-resolution PAM; (b) palm image; (c) inner forearm by acoustic-resolution PAM. Regions of interest are indicated by black rectangles. The photoacoustic amplitude in each subfigure was normalized.
Meet the authors
Zhun Xu is a biomedical researcher at MicroPhotoAcoustics (MPA) Inc.; email: [email protected]. Jay Zhao is a research scientist at MicroPhotoAcoustics; email: [email protected].
MPA is a spinoff from Advanced Optowave Corp., founded in 2010 with the inventors of 3-D PAM. Multiple patents have been licensed from Dr. Lihong Wang’s Optical Imaging Laboratory at Washington University in St. Louis. This project was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health Small Business Innovation Research grant 1R43HL106855-01.
References
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