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Photonics Dictionary: P

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photodiode detector

A photodiode detector is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It operates based on the principle of the photoelectric effect, where photons of light incident on the...

photodischarge spectroscopy

A spectroscopic process that detects and analyzes the discharge from an extrinsic surface with less than bandgap light. This method may determine the extrinsic surface-state energy levels of a...

photodynamic inactivation

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and molecular oxygen to induce cell death or inactivate microorganisms. This...

photodynamic therapy

A medical technology that uses lasers or other light sources in combination with photosensitizing drugs to treat cancerous tumors.

Photoelastic equipment and supplies

Photoelastic equipment and supplies refer to instruments and materials used in photoelasticity, a technique used to analyze stress distribution and behavior in materials. photoelastic equipment...

photoelastic

In optics, the double refraction that is produced when stress is applied to a transparent material. Plastics, which are especially photoelastic, can be formed into models of structures that are...

photoelasticity

The process of determining, with the aid of plane-polarized light, the stress distribution in materials under complex systems of loading.

photoelectric counter

A device used to count objects that pass a given point by allowing each object to obstruct a beam of light falling on a photocell. Slow counting rates can be recorded by a mechanical counter, but...

photoelectric current

The electron stream emitted by a phototube when the cathode is exposed to light.

photoelectric mixing

Also known as light beating. The mixing of two narrowband optical components to produce an AC component in the photocurrent at the optical difference frequency.

photoelectric photometer

Also known as electronic photometer. A photometer with a photocell, phototransistor or phototube for measuring the intensity of light.

photoelectric photometry

The use of photoelectric sensors to detect and measure the intensity of a light source. This application, as compared to human observation, results in higher speeds of operation, a greater...

photoelectric pyrometer

An instrument used to measure the temperature of a source through the use of photoelectric cells to detect and measure the intensity of the light emitted by the source.

photoelectric reader

An input device for a computer that detects and reads the data, in the form of punched holes in cards, by light that is transmitted through the holes.

photoelectric receiver

An instrument that uses a photocell to detect and measure the intensity of incident light.

photoelectric relay

A relay that opens or closes an electrical circuit depending on the intensity of the light incident to a photoelectric device contained in the relay.

photoelectric scanner

A system mounted a few inches above a moving plane that consists of a light source, lenses and one or more phototubes. In this position, the scanner actuates the control equipment when the quantity...

photoelectromagnetic effect

Interaction of a magnetic field with a photoconductive substance exposed to light to create a potential difference.

photoemissive cell -> photoemissive detector

An electronic tube instrument in which the anode current varies with the intensity of light incident on the cathode.

photoemissive detector

An electronic tube instrument in which the anode current varies with the intensity of light incident on the cathode.

photoemissive tube photometer

A photometer that uses a photoemissive tube to detect and measure light. See photoelectric photometry.

photoglow tube

A particular type of phototube having increased sensitivity as a result of the glow initiated by light incident to the cathode.

photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the analysis of photographs or imagery. It involves extracting information...

photographic photometry

A form of photometric measurement, often used with light sources that are transparent or fluctuating, in which a photographic plate is used to obtain a record of a source's relative intensities over...

photographic sensitometer -> sensitometer

An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure or a continuously varied exposure; after processing, the density is measured...

photographic shutter efficiency

A measure of the total light passed by a shutter during an exposure, compared with the light that could be passed by an idealized, infinitely fast shutter fully open for the same extreme time.

photographic sound recorder

A system in which the electrical signal embedded within an audio input signal is converted to a modulated light pattern and recorded on film.

photoimmunotherapy

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target and treat specific cells or tissues in the body. The key components of this...

photoisolator -> optoisolator

An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains an input amplifier, a light-emitting diode, a photodiode and an output...

photolithography

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It is a photomechanical process used to transfer...

photoluminescence

Photoluminescence is a phenomenon in which a material absorbs photons (light) at one wavelength and then re-emits photons at a longer wavelength. This process occurs when electrons in the material...

photolysis

The photochemical reaction of light present in the decomposition of a substance.

photolysis flash -> spectroscopic flash

The light flash, produced in flash photolysis, that is triggered within a second discharge tube by the third electrode. It is to be differentiated from the photolysis flash which is triggered within...

photomagnetic effect

The direct influence of light on the magnetic susceptibility of particular materials.

photomask

A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in semiconductor manufacturing and other areas of microfabrication. It is a high-precision...

photometric

Pertaining to the measurement of the intensity of light.

photometry

Photometry is the branch of science that deals with the measurement of light, particularly in terms of its intensity and the way the human eye perceives it. It involves the quantification of visible...

photomicrography

The use of a microscope in photographing objects. A device for photomicrography includes a light source, microscope and camera mounted on a rigid base.

photomorphogenesis

The study of the effects of light on the growth and development of various plants.

photomultiplier tube

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely used in various applications where high sensitivity, fast response times,...

photon

A quantum of electromagnetic energy of a single mode; i.e., a single wavelength, direction and polarization. As a unit of energy, each photon equals hn, h being Planck's constant and n, the frequency...

photon correlation spectroscopy

Spectroscopy used to study the concentration, diffusion and Brownian motion of small particles suspended in a fluid by measuring dynamic fluctuations of light that is scattered or fluoresced by the...

photon coupling

The coupling of two circuits by the use of a light pipe through which photons are transmitted.

photon jet

A photon jet is a narrow, highly collimated beam of light that is formed when light interacts with small dielectric microstructures, such as microspheres or microcylinders. This phenomenon arises due...

photon sieve

A photon sieve is an optical device used in the field of optics and imaging. It's designed to focus and shape light, typically for applications such as imaging or microscopy. The photon sieve...

photon tunneling microscope

An instrument in which visible light beyond the critical angle from a metallurgical microscope is focused on a reference surface. A certain fraction of the incident light tunnels through air to the...

photon-rich

Photon-rich typically refers to an environment or situation where there is an abundance of photons present. In the context of optics, photon-rich environments are those where there is a high density...

photonic crystal surface-emitting laser

A photonic crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL) refers to a type of laser diode that emits light from its surface rather than from the edges. Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that...

photonic crystals

Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner analogous to how semiconductors control the flow of electrons. Photonic...

photonic integrated circuit

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and functions on a single chip, similar to the way electronic integrated circuits...

Photonics DictionaryP