Lasers Make Nanostructures

A single laser pulse can reportedly create complex, ordered nanostructure systems, a previously unobserved phenomenon.

Chalmers University of Technology (Gothenburg, Sweden) researchers said they have discovered a method for controlling the pattern into which the nanoparticles organize themselves. They said this could have uses in fiber optics, optical sensors and advanced LEDs and lasers.

Dinko Chakarov, one of the authors of an article in the journal Nature describing the results, said the researchers started with a layer of disordered nanoparticles of gold or silver on a membrane of nanometer thickness. The patterning is a consequence of several transformations of the light, which finally results in partial melting and moving of the nanoparticles.

"First, the light is caught by the particles, resulting in resonant swinging back and forth of the particle electrons (so-called localized plasmon resonances)," the university said in a statement. "This specific excitation gives rise to scattering and coupling of electromagnetic energy into trapped, waveguided modes of the thin membrane. The edges of the membrane cause a standing wave pattern to be formed."

The end result is hot and cold zones of a specific periodicity on the membrane surface, and if the laser light energy is high enough, the field energy in the hot zones is high enough to melt and move the gold particles. All of this occurs within a few nanoseconds or even faster, and the resulting patterns have dimensions that can be both smaller and larger than the laser wavelength, the researchers said.

The results demonstrate that complex nanostructured systems can be fabricated and manipulated by a single laser pulse, they said. "In addition, the study shows in a very concrete manner that assemblies of optically active nanoparticles can be used to trap light in a waveguide (membrane or fiber) with nanometer dimensions."

They said the pattern can be controlled by varying several parameters: the laser light angle, wavelength and polarization, the membrane thickness and the type of particles on the membrane.

The discovery contributes to the understanding of the fundamental interaction between light and matter. The study also shows how plasmon resonance can be used to enhance light absorption, which may be of use for the production of better solar cells.

For more information, visit: chalmer.se/en