Tracking ultrafast laser ablation to tune nanoparticle films
Hank Hogan, hank.hogan@photonics.com
Ultrafast laser ablation yields two distinctly
different plumes, and the behavior of both can be described well by models, researchers
report. That information could be used to produce novel nanoparticle films of magnetic
and semiconductor materials, researcher Salvatore Amoruso said.
“In the latter case, we are considering the variation of
the optical properties of these systems for application in optical sensing, photovoltaics,
and so on,” he said.
Amoruso, assistant professor of physical sciences at the University
of Naples Federico II, added that ultrafast laser ablation, which involves femtosecond
pulses, also has potential applications in micro-machining, laser-induced breakdown
spectroscopy, nanoparticle generation and film deposition. All of these would benefit
from a better understanding of the ablation process.
An ablation plume is produced by ultrafast femtosecond laser pulses hitting a silver target in high vacuum. Images courtesy of Salvatore Amoruso, University of Naples Federico II.
Amoruso and a team from Trinity College Dublin in Ireland and
Tianjin University of Technology and Education in China wanted to validate a physical
model. To do this, the investigators had to take a multipronged approach because
ultrafast laser ablation produces two separate plumes. One is composed of atoms
and expands at a rate of about 10,000 m/s. The second, which is the bulk of the
material, is made up of nanoparticles. It travels 100 times slower than the first,
at about 100 m/s.
A model exists that describes the atomic plume produced by nanosecond
pulse ablation, a process that does not yield a nanoparticle plume. However, it
had been unclear as to whether the model applies when femtosecond pulses are used.
Scanning electron micrograph of a typical nanoparticle-assembled
film produced by ultrafast laser ablation.
In answering this question, the group used 250-fs laser pulses
at a 527-nm wavelength, firing these at a nickel target sitting in a vacuum. After
two shots, they measured the damaged area using an optical microscope, determining
the amount of ablated material by applying scanning white-light interferometry to
the craters produced by the laser.
To find out where that material went, they captured the ionized
part of the plume on a copper plate, securing a representative sample of the atomic
plume. They caught the uncharged nanoparticles on a transparent piece of plastic.
Using these two methods, they measured the angular distribution of the ejected material
for various laser pulse conditions. Then they mapped how the two plumes evolved
and interacted.
Spectrally resolved images of ultrafast laser ablation copper plumes,
with the top showing the one composed of nanoparticles (delay after laser shot,
5 μs) and the bottom of the atomic plume (delay 60 ns).
The existing model described the ionic plume well, they reported
in a
Journal of Applied Physics paper published online Aug. 30, 2010. It also did
a good job predicting the nanoparticle plume for lower laser power. The measured
results diverged from what was forecast, however, for higher laser fluence. This
discrepancy they attributed to the ionic plume, saying that, at higher laser power,
it influenced the early evolution of the nanoparticle plume, causing a deviation
from what was predicted.
Their results also revealed details about the ablation threshold
and the absorption depth, two key factors in predicting ablation results. The researchers
found that the depth varied logarithmically with the laser fluence, meaning that
an exponential increase in laser power led to a linear increase in ablation depth.
Maps of film thickness (in false color) from ultrafast laser ablation
after low- (a) and high-fluence (b) laser shots.
Double or tailored laser pulses are being considered as a way
to tune plume properties, Amoruso said. This tuning is of interest in understanding
the ablation process and in using it to produce materials for various applications.
Of particular appeal is the ability of the technique to generate nanoparticles of
different materials in the well-controlled and very clean conditions of high vacuum.
So what does the future hold for this research? “We intend
to pursue the method of ultrafast laser ablation for the deposition of nanoparticles
and their assembly into a film,” Amoruso said.
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