Peering deeper into the brain
BioPhotonics staff
A new technique to monitor the tiny branches of neurons deep inside
a live brain for months at a time has been devised by scientists at Stanford University.
Neuroscientists will now be able to monitor the microscopic changes that occur over
time in progressive brain disease.
Monitoring neurons for two months.
Column (a) shows the delicate branches of the same neurons in a living mouse over
20 days. Column (b) is an enlarged view of one region of column (a). The ability
to revisit the same neurons over a long-term experiment will be a benefit to researchers
of brain disease. Courtesy of Mark Schnitzer and Nature Medicine.
Looking deep into the interior of a living brain, where memories
are formed and diseases such as dementia and cancer take their toll, is not possible
with standard light microscopes. Because light microscopy can penetrate only the
outermost layer of tissues, any region of the brain deeper than 700 μm cannot
be reached by traditional microscopy techniques. While recent advances in micro-optics
allowed scientists to briefly peer deeper into living tissue, it was almost impossible
to return to the same location of the brain without damaging or infecting the tissue.
The new method makes imaging possible over a long period of time
without damaging the region of interest. The scientists carefully inserted tiny
glass tubes, about half the width of a grain of rice, deep into the brain of an
anesthetized mouse. Once in place, the tubes allow researchers to examine the cells
and their interactions at that site using a microendoscope inserted inside the glass
guide tube. Like portholes in a submarine, the guide tubes have glass windows at
the end through which the researchers can examine the interior of the brain.
A diagram of the experimental setup. At left, tiny optical instruments
called microendoscopes are inserted into glass imaging guide tubes, which maintain
a precise position in the brain. This allows researchers to view the exact same
neuron with a microscope, at right, again and again. Scientists can also compare
diseased tissue, such as a tumor, to healthy tissue in the same animal. Modified
image courtesy of Mark Schnitzer and Nature Medicine.
Because the tubes provide no exposure to the outside environment,
infection of the brain is prevented. The guide tubes also allow the researchers
to return repeatedly to exactly the same location of the deep brain over weeks or
months. Although traditional MRI scans examine deep within the brain, they cannot
look at individual cells on the microscopic level.
The scientists tested the technique for investigating brain disease
by looking at a mouse model of glioma, a deadly form of brain cancer. Their research
was published online Jan. 16, 2011, in
Nature Medicine (Vol. 17, pp. 223-228).
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