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‘Campfire Effect’ Observed in Blinking Nanorod Clusters

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When semiconductor nanorods are exposed to light, they blink in a seemingly random pattern, but when clustered together, the combined “on” time is increased dramatically, providing new insight into the mysterious blinking behavior.

Many semiconductors emit light when provided with energy, whether in the form of light, electricity or certain chemicals. This principle is at work in LEDs, which are found in any number of consumer electronics.

At the macroscale, this electroluminescence is consistent; e.g., LED lightbulbs can shine for years with a fraction of the energy used by even compact-fluorescent bulbs. But when semiconductors are shrunk down to nanometer size, instead of shining steadily, they turn “on” and “off” in an unpredictable fashion, switching between emitting light and being dark for variable lengths of time. For the decade since this was observed, many research groups worldwide have sought to uncover the mechanism of this phenomenon, which is still not completely understood.


As more nanorods are added to a cluster, the cluster’s “on” time dramatically increases. (Image: Robert Johnson)

“Blinking has been studied in many different nanoscale materials for over a decade, as it is surprising and intriguing, but it’s the statistics of the blinking that are so unusual,” said Marija Drndic, associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania. “These nanorods can be ‘on’ and ‘off’ for all scales of time, from a microsecond to hours. That’s why we worked with Dmitry Novikov [from New York University’s School of Medicine], who studies stochastic phenomena in physical and biological systems. These unusual Levi statistics arise when many factors compete with each other at different time scales, resulting in a rather complex behavior, with examples ranging from earthquakes to biological processes to stock market fluctuations.”

Drndic and her research team, through a combination of imaging techniques, have shown that clustering these nanorod semiconductors greatly increases their total “on” time in a kind of “campfire effect.” Adding a rod to the cluster has a multiplying effect on the “on” period of the group. Her team included graduate student Siying Wang and postdoctoral fellows Claudia Querner and Tali Dadosh, all of the Department of Physics and Astronomy in Penn’s School of Arts and Sciences, in collaboration with Catherine Crouch of Swarthmore College and Novikov.

“If you put nanorods together, if each one blinks in rare short bursts, you would think the maximum ‘on’ time for the group will not be much bigger than that for one nanorod, since their bursts mostly don’t overlap,” Novikov said. “What we see are greatly prolonged ‘on’ bursts when nanorods are very close together, as if they help each other to keep shining, or ‘burning.’ ”

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Drndic’s group demonstrated this by depositing cadmium selenide nanorods onto a substrate, shining a blue laser on them, then taking video under an optical microscope to observe the red light the nanorods then emitted. Although that technique provided data on how long each cluster was “on,” the team needed to use transmission electron microscopy, or TEM, to distinguish each individual, 5-nm rod and measure the size of each cluster.

A set of gold gridlines allowed the researchers to label and locate individual nanorod clusters. Wang then accurately overlaid about 1000 stitched-together TEM images with the luminescence data that she took with the optical microscope. The researchers observed the “campfire effect” in clusters as small as two and as large as 110, when the cluster effectively took on macroscale properties and stopped blinking entirely.

Although the exact mechanism that causes this prolonged luminescence cannot yet be pinpointed, Drndic’s team’s findings support the idea that interactions between electrons in the cluster are at the root of the effect.
“By moving from one end of a nanorod to the other, or otherwise changing position, we hypothesize that electrons in one rod can influence those in neighboring rods in ways that enhance the other rods’ ability to give off light,” Crouch said. “We hope our findings will give insight into these nanoscale interactions, as well as helping guide future work to understand blinking in single nanoparticles.”

As nanorods can be an order of magnitude smaller than a cell, but can emit a signal that can be relatively easily seen under a microscope, they have been long considered as potential biomarkers. Their inconsistent pattern of illumination, however, has limited their usefulness.

“Biologists use semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent labels. One significant disadvantage is that they blink,” Drndic said. “If the emission time could be extended to many minutes it makes them much more usable. With further development of the synthesis, perhaps clusters could be designed as improved labels.”

Future research will use more ordered nanorod assemblies and controlled interparticle separations to further study the details of particle interactions.

For more information, visit: www.upenn.edu  

Published: June 2011
Glossary
astronomy
The scientific observation of celestial radiation that has reached the vicinity of Earth, and the interpretation of these observations to determine the characteristics of the extraterrestrial bodies and phenomena that have emitted the radiation.
nano
An SI prefix meaning one billionth (10-9). Nano can also be used to indicate the study of atoms, molecules and other structures and particles on the nanometer scale. Nano-optics (also referred to as nanophotonics), for example, is the study of how light and light-matter interactions behave on the nanometer scale. See nanophotonics.
AmericasastronomyBasic Sciencecadmium selenide nanorodscampfire effectCatherine CrouchchemicalsClaudia QuernerDmitry NovikovLight SourcesMarija DrndicMicroscopynanonanorod clustersNew York University’s School of MedicineResearch & Technologysemiconductor nanorodsSiying WangSwarthmore CollegeTali DadoshUniversity of PennsylvaniaLEDs

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