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Satellites, Remote Sensors Shed Light on Subterranean Structures

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We all know that the lost city of Tanis is “one of the possible resting places of the Lost Ark” … those of us, anyway, who grew up thrilling to the exploits of the swashbuckling academic Indiana Jones. But now archaeologists may have made another important find in this ancient Egyptian city: pyramids.

Using infrared images taken by NASA satellites, Sarah Parcak and her team from the University of Alabama at Birmingham identified a number of structures buried deep beneath Tanis, including tombstones and houses as well as the suspected pyramids.

Remote sensing is an increasingly important tool in archaeology, and includes both aerial and satellite sensing (see here to read about an aerial survey of the ancient Caracol using an advanced Lidar system to penetrate the dense jungle cover of present-day Belize). With satellite sensing, researchers look at the light reflected off the Earth in different parts of the spectrum to find traces of structures and past human activities. Based on differences in temperature they can identify irrigation ditches filled with sediment, for example, or buried stone walls.

Piecing it all together can provide a broad overview of a site, of roads, agricultural centers, entire cities. “You just pull back for hundreds of miles using the satellite imagery, and all of a sudden this invisible world become visible,” Parcak recently told NPR. “You're actually able to see settlements and tombs – and even things like buried pyramids – that you might not otherwise be able to see."

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Seventeen of the structures in Parcak’s teams images had a size, shape and orientation similar to other pyramids in the area. Initial excavations have shown that at least two of these are most likely pyramids, though the researchers won’t be able to say with certainty until the sites have been excavated.

Robot sheds light on pyramid’s ancient markings

From satellites orbiting the earth to camera-equipped robots crawling through eight-inch-square shafts, modern technology has provided quite a boost to archaeology.

Recently, a robot explorer called Djedi has helped to shed light on mysteries of the Great Pyramid of Giza (the robot was named for the magician whom the pharaoh Cheops, or Khufu, consulted when planning the layout the pyramid). Creeping through tiny shafts, Djedi has transmitted back images of hieroglyphs not seen by human eyes in 4,500 years.

Discovered in 1872, the eight-inch-square shafts remained unexplored until 1993, when a German researcher sent a robot to investigate. This and subsequent attempts found limestone slabs adorned with two copper pins but, because the cameras on the robots could only see straight ahead, did not reveal as much as they might have.

Designed by University of Leeds engineer Rob Richardson, Djedi was equipped with a “micro snake” camera that could see around corners, and indeed was small enough to squeeze through a small hole in slab, offering investigators a view of the chamber beyond. This is where it found the hieroglyphs.

Now it’s up to archaeologists to decipher what they mean, and possibly determine the purpose of the shafts.

Published: June 2011
Glossary
aerial photography
Photographing of terrain on the ground and objects in the air by cameras mounted in aircraft; utilized in satellites, multispectral scanning and intricate data handling systems.
lidar
Lidar, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape and characteristics of objects and surfaces. Lidar systems typically consist of a laser scanner, a GPS receiver, and an inertial measurement unit (IMU), all integrated into a single system. Here is how lidar works: Laser emission: A laser emits laser pulses, often in the form of rapid and repetitive laser...
remote sensing
Remote sensing is a method of data collection and observation where information about objects, areas, or phenomena on Earth's surface is gathered from a distance, typically using sensors onboard satellites, aircraft, drones, or other platforms. This technique enables the monitoring and analysis of Earth's surface and atmosphere without direct physical contact. Remote sensing systems capture electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light, infrared, microwave, or radio waves) reflected or...
aerial photographyarchaeologyCaracolDifferent WavelengthsDjediGary BoasGary Boas BlogGreat Pyramid of GizaHieroglyphsindustriallidarPyramidsremote sensingRob RichardsonSarah ParcakSatellite sensingTanisUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamUniversity of Leeds

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