When atomic nuclei are smashed together at great speed, resulting temperatures exceed one trillion degrees, 200 million times hotter than the surface of the sun. Scientists who study nuclear matter under extreme conditions have a particular interest in the properties of photons, particles of light that reveal valuable information because they don’t interact strongly with other particles following a nuclear collision. Using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the US Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, on Long Island, N.Y., physicist Stefan Bathe has measured characteristics of photons to reveal data about the temperature and density of a nuclear collision.Stefan Bathe and the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. (Photo: Brookhaven National Laboratory) Bathe discussed his study of direct photon production at the American Physical Society's April meeting, held last month in Dallas. RHIC is used by hundreds of physicists from around the world to study what the universe may have looked like in the first few moments after its creation. RHIC drives two intersecting beams of gold ions head-on, in a subatomic collision. What physicists learn from these collisions may help us understand more about why the physical world works the way it does, from the smallest subatomic particles, to the largest stars. Working at the PHENIX detector, Bathe has studied gold-gold, deuteron-gold, and proton-proton collisions to test the theory of quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force that holds atomic nuclei together. The PHENIX detector records many different particles emerging from RHIC collisions, including photons, electrons, muons, and quark-containing particles called hadrons. "While gold-gold collisions are the most interesting, we also have to understand simpler systems with fewer particles," Bathe said. "We want to understand the strong interactions between quarks and gluons, which are the components of protons and neutrons. In a collision of nuclei, they all break apart, resulting in thousands of particles." The vast majority of the particles released in a nuclear collision interact strongly with the nuclear medium and lose large amounts of energy. How much energy they lose reveals information about the medium. By studying the energy spectrum of direct photons, Bathe and his colleagues have been able to determine the temperature and density of the matter, which in turn reveals the phase of the collision. "The detector will tell us the energy and position where a photon hits it," Bathe said. "From the energy and position, we get a spectrum of energy distribution, whose slope tells us the temperature. If you know the temperature and density, you know the phase of the matter." "By studying photons, particles that you can see, you can learn about the temperature of the nuclear matter you’ve created," he said. Research at PHENIX is funded by the Office of Nuclear Physics within the US Department of Energy's Office of Science and by a variety of other national and international organizations. For more information, visit: www.bnl.gov