Conservation, reconstruction and authentication of artworks are all domains in which photonics plays a significant role. This article describes some of the most established applications of photonics in cultural heritage.Louis Bonnefous, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Anke Lohmann, Knowledge Transfer Network and Carlos Lee, European Photonics Industry consortium (EPIC)We can say without doubt that Vatican City is the city/state that has, on its territory, the most amazing concentration of artwork in the world. With its 0.44-square-kilometer (0.17-square-mile) area, Vatican City is blessed with vast cultural wealth. A recent visit to the Holy See as part of a special event organized by Quanta System was a great opportunity to inquire about and report on the photonics technologies employed in cultural heritage. The exclusive visit of Quanta System to the restoration laboratories of the Vatican museum. Courtesy of Carlos Lee. 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