Anesthetics used in prolonged medically induced comas may trigger cognitive deficits. Examining effects at the neuronal level may help doctors to chart a safer course.MICHAEL WENZEL, BONN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, AND RAFAEL YUSTE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITYThe formation of synapses in the circuitry of the brain, and especially the solidification and disappearance of synaptic structures, mediates how people learn, memorize, and forget. Since the introduction of two-photon imaging to neuroscience in the 1990s, it has been used to image synaptic connections in the brains of living animals. Two-photon imaging has also revealed changes in neural functioning that underlie neuropsychiatric diseases such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. 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