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Photonics Handbook
Fiber Optics|Communications
Fiber Lasers Continue to Power GrowthEarly fiber lasers were inefficient and limited to low powers, until more effective methods emerged to deliver the pump light into the cladding. Valentin Gapontsev, founder and CEO of IPG Photonics, is credited with pioneering the use of distributed...
Silicon Photonics: Light Is the Ultimate Medium for High-Speed CommunicationsSilicon photonics is widely considered a key enabling technology for further development of optical interconnect solutions needed to address growing traffic on the internet. From the first submarine optical cable to the fiber-to-home deployment to...
Fiber Optics: Understanding the BasicsNothing has changed the world of communications as much as the development and implementation of optical fiber. This article provides the basic principles needed to work with this technology. Optical fibers are made from either glass or plastic....
Plastic Optics: Specifying Injection-Molded Polymer OpticsThe use of precision polymer optics is becoming an increasing necessity today as products demand sophisticated light handling components to achieve desired results. Polymer optics can be thought of as an important enabling technology allowing the...
Adhesives for Fiber Optics Assembly: Making the Right ChoiceUsing the proper adhesive in the assembly of fiber optic components not only saves time and expense, but also can improve reliability and performance. Adhesives for fiber optic components that perform well on glass, metal, ceramic and most plastic...
Connectors and Splices: Correct Alignment Spells SuccessWhether the job is splicing fibers together or connecting fibers to system devices, alignment is the key to success. This article explores the many ways to achieve that goal. Just as an electronic connector provides a pluggable connection between...
Diamond Machining: Ultraprecision Machine TechnologyUltraprecision machining can be defined in general terms as the removal of material from a substrate utilizing a machine tool that operates at a resolution of 10 nm (0.4 μin.) or less. The machining process may take the form of single-point...
Infrared Spectral Selection: It Begins with the DetectorAn IR imaging system employing a narrow spectral band brings hidden images to light, broadening IR imaging’s applications. Spectral selection is a powerful tool that enhances conventional imaging tremendously. Most imaging systems, including the...
Optical Coatings: Improving Traditional TechnologyThe challenges of producing dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) filters for telecommunications has revolutionized the optical coating industry. This has resulted in coatings that display precision and stability orders of magnitude better...
OTDRs: Finding the Weak Spots in Fiber LinksThe optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is used to characterize a fiber optic span. It performs single-ended tests and can calculate fiber attenuation and uniformity and splice and connector losses. It can also locate breaks and determine fiber...
Photonic Component Manufacturing: Moving Toward AutomationA shift in assembly methods would help reduce costs and increase production in the optoelectronics manufacturing and packaging industries.Manufacturing the laser diode is complicated by the existence of multiple proprietary techniques and...
Photonics Packaging: Optical Communication ComponentsAn examination of the packaging technology of photonic components for optical communication and other areas of photonics.Photonic components are key elements for the information te...
Nano-Optics Technology: Optical AlchemyTransforming ordinary materials into extraordinary optics holds the key to progress. Optics today needs alchemy, and the forces that motivate microchip technology are a key reason why. Today, light can transmit and process digital information as...
Laser Applications Tables
Characterizing High-Speed Transmitters: The Emphasis Is on WaveformsThe basic fiber-based communications system consists of a laser transmitter which converts electrical data to intensity-modulated light, a fiber optic cable as short as a few meters or as long as 100-plus kilometers, and a photodetector that...
Polarization in Fiber Systems: Squeezing out More BandwidthTo appease the demand for bandwidth, telecommunication operators are pushed to increase the per-channel data rate of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. As bit rates increase to meet expanding demand, systems have become increasingly...
Polarization Mode Dispersion: Concepts and MeasurementThe performance of high-speed, digital fiber optic communications systems depends upon how reliably the receiver is able to distinguish closely spaced bits of information. Dispersive effects — physical mechanisms that broaden transmitted...
Semiconductor Lasers: An Overview of Commercial DevicesWithin only a few decades, the semiconductor laser diode has evolved into a family of robust, reliable devices, with individual conversion efficiencies of better than 60 percent, continuous output powers of several kilowatts, modulation rates of...
Spectrum Analysis for DWDM: New Instruments Meet the ChallengeThe demand for bandwidth drives a growing need for a new breed of test and measurement instruments. As system and cable installers try to optimize their links, the preferred method has become high-speed DWDM.
The VCSEL Advantage: Increased Power, Efficiency Bring New ApplicationsVertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) differ from edge-emitting lasers in that their output beam is perpendicular to the top surface of the device instead of parallel to it.
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