A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a material. A very fine conductive probe is placed at a distance of 10 to 20 Å above the surface of a conductive sample, and a...

Also known as ground level. The lowest energy level of an atom or atomic system. A material in the ground state is not...

Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...

An array of lines in the infrared region of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen. Their wave numbers are expressed by...

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...

An observed effect of the ability of certain atomic particles to pass through a barrier that they cannot pass over because...

Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...

The process whereby the number of atoms or atomic systems in a set of energy levels is changed by the absorption of light...

The nondestructive analysis and recording of industrial components based on the absorption of relatively low-energy neutrons...

Chirality is a property of certain molecules and objects in which they are non-superimposable on their mirror images. In...

A vibrational transition refers to a change in the vibrational energy of a molecule. Molecules consist of atoms that are...

Short-lived molecular or atomic particles, with an unpaired electron, that play an important part in many photochemical...

1. The range of frequencies or wavelengths over which radiations are absorbed or emitted in a transition between a specific...

Any of a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers ranging from 89 to 103.

The emission of radiant energy in which the energy emitted originates in the thermal motion of the atoms or molecules of the...

A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

An SI prefix meaning one billionth (10-9). Nano can also be used to indicate the study of atoms, molecules and other...

That radiation emitted by an atom or molecule that has the same frequency as that of an incident particle; e.g., a photon....

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyes and visual system....

Spectra that originate from atoms; they are composed of lines having irregular spacing and intensity.

The radiation-free transition that takes place within an ion, in which inner-shell vacancies in neutral atoms are filled by...

Basically, a hydrogen atom with two alterations, positronium is the lightest atom in the universe and has an extremely light...

A positively charged particle emitted from the nucleus of an unstable isotope, characterized by two protons and two...

Fluorescence formed when atoms of one element collide with excited atoms of another.

The occurrence of very large rotations in transparent materials at weak magnetic fields as predicted in the classical...

Spectroscopy is a technique used in the study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves...

A junction between semiconductors that differ in their doping level conductivities, and also in their atomic or alloy...

Devices in which the lasing medium is a vapor of metal atoms or ions, sometimes mixed with another gas. Metal vapor lasers...

An excited energy state of an atom or atomic system that has a longer lifetime than the ordinary excited state and typically...

An otoscope is a medical device used by healthcare professionals, particularly ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists,...

A monatomic, chemically inert gas such as argon, neon, krypton and xenon.

A solid-state laser consisting of active atoms or ions of a transition metal, rare-earth metal or actinide, imbedded in a...

In physics, nuclear fusion refers to the process in which two atomic nuclei come together to form a heavier nucleus,...

Spectrometric analysis of the distinct and characteristic spectra of atoms of elements. The atoms are energized to emit...

An angstrom, symbolized by the Ångström or Å, is a unit of length used to express atomic and molecular...

A method of studying the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules (typically living tissue and chemical...

The difference between the energy of an atom in its ground state and that of the same atom in its excited (quantum) state.

(SALI) A type of spectroscopy in which neutral atoms or molecules are ionized by an excimer laser beam and then measured by...

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and, as a result, carries a negative or positive charge.

The term quantum refers to the fundamental unit or discrete amount of a physical quantity involved in interactions at the...

The area of optics that deals with the interaction of light with a given material. The optical properties of material are...

The amount of energy required to raise the energy level of an atom; a necessity if the atom is to radiate energy. High...

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...

Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...

See color perception test equipment; eye test apparatus.

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...

The fundamental wavelength standard of time or frequency. An atomic standard, it is properly expressed as 9,192,631,770...

A technique for confining atoms, molecules or small particles within one or more laser beams. This can be accomplished...

A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...

A technique in which a beam of x-rays is directed against a crystal, the atoms of which, because of their lattice...

In physics, momentum transfer is the amount of momentum transferred from one particle to another during particle collision...

A color center, in the context of materials science and condensed matter physics, refers to a specific type of...

An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...

A junction between semiconductors that differ in their doping level conductivities but not in their atomic or alloy...

A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...

A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...

The area of optics in which the wave nature of a particle is exploited to carry out very accurate interferometry and other...

A device for converting sunlight into electrical energy, consisting of a sandwich of P-type and N-type semiconducting...

Broadening of a laser's spectral linewidth when the resonance frequencies of the atoms (or molecules) of the medium are not...

Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...

Spectroscopy characterized by the Mossbauer effect - recoilless emission and absorption of nuclear gamma radiation- which...

1. The process by which an atom acquires energy sufficient to raise it to a quantum state higher than its ground state. 2....

Three proportional coefficients labeled Am, Bmn, and Bnm, that respectively characterize the rate of spontaneous emission,...

Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...

With respect to a unit cell in a crystal structure, the property defining an atom located at the center of each face.

An extremely powerful microscope that renders individual ionized atoms visible by using an electric field to propel the ions...

The process by which an atomic system changes from one energy level to another by either the emission or absorption of...

Attosecond photonics sources refer to devices or systems that generate extremely short pulses of light on the order of...

A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...

A periodic structure formed by intersecting or superimposed laser beams. These beams can trap atoms in low-potential...

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

The electrostatic field acting locally within a crystal as a result of the microscopic arrangement of atoms and ions in the...

The efficiency of scattering by an atom in a particular direction, expressed as: where AA is the amplitude of the wave from...

An imaging technique used in radiology that is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to produce...

Thin-film deposition equipment refers to machinery and tools used in the process of depositing thin layers of material onto...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

In dry etching, a method of characterizing the composition of solid materials such as metal. Atoms in the OES technique are...

Nanopositioning refers to the precise and controlled movement or manipulation of objects or components at the nanometer...

The transfer of energy from an incident electromagnetic energy field with wavelength or frequency to an atomic or molecular...

High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...

A contraction of "excited dimer." The term refers to an excited species made by combination of two identical atoms...

The splitting of energy levels of an atom, ion or molecule because of a magnetic field.

Volumetric imaging refers to the capture, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) information from a volume of...

The region of distorted atom configuration formed between the displaced and normal areas in a crystal when part of the...

A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...

A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium...

An ultrafast pulsed laser is a type of laser that emits extremely short pulses of light with durations typically on the...

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

In the context of optical materials, the term "impurity level" refers to the presence of foreign atoms or molecules within...

The transition cross section constant coefficient which defines the transition probability of absorption from ground to a...

The study of the arrangement of atoms in a crystal by means of x-rays.

The science of all complex elements of atomic and molecular spectra, and the interaction of radiation and matter.

A group of related lines that represent transitions between two spectroscopic terms, each of which may be complex. Also in...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

An instrument that uses electromagnetic fields to sort out the relative masses of atoms and molecules.The same way an...

A technique that combines two or more imaging processes in order to minimize the disadvantages within each of the...

An alien, electrically charged atomic system in a solid; an ion substituted for the constituent atom or ion in a crystal...

Instruments used by ophthalmologists and optometrists to study the eye. There are, for instance, the ophthalmoscope to...

A technique proposed for studying the atomic structure of crystals by measuring the interference pattern generated when the...

A nitrogen vacancy (NV) refers to a specific type of defect or impurity in a crystal lattice where a nitrogen atom replaces...

The analysis of the atomic structures within crystals by means of x-ray diffraction.

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...

The scattering of x-rays by the regularly spaced atoms in a crystal. The angle at which the reflection occurs is known as...

In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...

An optical instrument designed to displace the line of sight in a vertical direction. For submarines and other military uses...

A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...

The Weissenberg method, named after the German physicist Karl Weissenberg, is a technique used in x-ray crystallography for...

The elimination of magnetic moments and decrease in magnetic susceptibility with a decrease in temperature due to the equal...

A microcomb, short for microresonator frequency comb, is a novel photonic device that generates a precise series of evenly...

1. The combination of the effects of two or more stimuli in any given sense to form a single sensation. With respect to...

A type of fluorescence spectroscopy in which an excimer laser, a dye laser and a frequency-doubling device are used to...

A classification of particular regularities that occur in the spectra of many atoms.

Observed phenomenon in laser pulses in which a large number of excited electrons are created and in which multiphoton...

The broadening of a laser's line width in a way that affects every atom (or molecule), and thus the whole system, in the...

A unique glass made up of nano-structured materials to create millimeter sized monolithic glass space-variant polarization...

The minimum energy required to induce atomic and molecular separation or displacement due to incident intense laser...

That process by which radiation spontaneously emitted by a volume of optical materials is resonantly reabsorbed within the...

A device used to measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It utilizes the Lorentz force...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

1. Synonymous with radioactivity. The intensity of a radioactive source illustrated as the number of atoms disintegrating in...

That branch of spectroscopy that applies to the study of interactions between energy and atomic nuclei. The simultaneous...

The probability that an atom in one state will move spontaneously to a lower state within a given unit of time.

A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...

The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...

A diffraction grating is an optical component consisting of a surface with a periodic structure of equally spaced, parallel...

Particle acceleration refers to the process by which charged particles, such as electrons or protons, gain kinetic energy...

In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...

A statistical analysis of facts obtained when the intensity of x-ray diffraction is calculated at different angles. In this...

A semiconductor material in which the dopants create holes as the majority charge carrier. It is formed by doping with...

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

Epitaxial refers to the growth of a crystalline layer on a crystalline substrate in such a way that the orientation of the...

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...

A charged elementary particle of an atom; the term is most commonly used in reference to the negatively charged particle...

The use of atoms, molecules and molecular-scale structures to enhance existing technology and develop new materials and...

The wavelength or frequency corresponding to an absorption resonance with a given molecular or atomic species. The line...

In chemistry, a halide refers to a chemical compound containing one or more halogen atoms bonded to another element. The...

Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

See atomic force microscope; magnetic force microscope; near-field scanning optical microscope; scanning tunneling...

A regular, periodic, geometric array of points corresponding to the positions of the atoms in a perfect crystal.

A spectrum that displays the distribution in mass or in mass-to-charge ratio of ionized atoms, molecules or molecular parts....

A type of ultrasensitive laser spectroscopy that can detect quantities as small as a single atom of some substances and that...

A phenomenon, exploited for medical imaging, in which the nuclei of material placed in a strong magnetic field will absorb...

A process of isolation of various atom vapor ions by means of tuning a laser source. For example, laser enrichment is...

The optical energy transfer between ions of differing atoms.

Any system of time measurement that is based on atomic resonances. The transition times between the hyperfine levels of...

A type of laser spectroscopy used to measure short-lived isotopes by observing sudden bursts of fluorescence resulting from...

With respect to atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, the fluorescence that is emitted by an atom at a spectral line of a...

The spreading of potentially equal radiation frequencies that results in broadening of the spectral line. This effect is...

A quadrivalent semiconductor material, with electrons as the majority charge carriers, that is formed by doping with donor...

The study concerned with the stimulation of chemical activity by laser light as a result of the absorption of photons by a...

A method of growing single crystals in which atoms and molecules from gaseous organic compounds interact and form a layer on...

The analysis of the atomic structure of a sample by means of a source radiation that is absorbed and emitted by the sample...

A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

A study of the energies and wavelengths of radiation emitted by atoms and molecules when particular physical conditions are...

The analysis of fluorescence emitted by discrete atoms, in flames, that have absorbed radiation from an external source. It...

One of a number of nuclides characterized by an identity between their mass numbers, but each having a different atomic...

One of the types of change in the energy levels of molecules or atoms in a laser that can result in lasing action. Because...

The amount of energy required for a particular kind of atom to remove an electron to infinite distance. The ionization...

An absorption peak refers to a sharp increase or spike in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at a particular...

Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...

A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...

An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...

A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...

The law expressing the condition under which a crystal will reflect a beam of x-rays with the greatest amount of distinction...

An emission spectrum is a graphical representation or a characteristic pattern of the wavelengths or frequencies of light...

The series of processes used to identify and evaluate crystal structure by using crystalline solids to diffract x-rays. In...

The principle that electronic energy transitions occur at such speeds that the nuclei of the atoms in the molecular system...

Inertial fusion energy (IFE) refers to a proposed method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy released from...

A source that emits radiant energy when its molecules or atoms are thermally excited.

A variation of the atomic force microscope that operates by scanning a tiny ferromagnetic probe (or a magnetized tip) over a...

The stationary state of an ion, atom or molecule, above the ground state that is produced by the interaction with the...

Medical lasers are devices that produce intense beams of light with specific characteristics and properties, which are used...

In colorimetry, the phenomenon in which spectrally different radiations produce the same color sensation for a given...

In atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence emitted by an atom at a spectral line of a wavelength identical to that of...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

Device in which contact ionization of atomic particles and thermionic electron emission are used to produce magnetically...

A family of specialized instruments used by ophthalmologists and optometrists to study a patient's eyes and prescribe...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...

A type of adsorption in which the adsorbed layer is attached to the adsorbent surface by an attractive force between the...

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials...

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a powerful microscopy technique that uses a beam of electrons to create...

Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

The condition in which there are more atomic systems in the upper of two energy levels than in the lower, so stimulated...

The state of optically excited luminescence. Luminescence refers to the light emitted by excited atoms or ions as they decay...

The term "excimer," strictly used, refers to excited species made by combination of two identical moieties, atoms...

An instrument used to measure expansion of solids, liquids and gases.

An atomic clock is a highly precise timekeeping device that uses the vibrations or oscillations of atoms as a reference for...