Freeform mirrors refer to reflective optical components that deviate from traditional symmetric or rotationally symmetric shapes, such as spheres or paraboloids. Unlike conventional mirrors, which have symmetric surfaces defined by simple...

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are ordinary cells that are genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like...

A phase screen, in the context of optics and wave optics, refers to a surface or medium that introduces a phase delay to an...

A point cloud is a set of data points in a three-dimensional coordinate system, where each point represents a specific...

A method of predicting the nonlinear optical effects exhibited by different molecules without synthesizing the molecules...

In vivo is a Latin term that translates to "within the living." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and...

Lidar, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and...

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...

A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

A method of creating real three-dimensional models by using lasers driven by CAD software. In contrast to the normal...

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a manufacturing process that involves creating three-dimensional...

Linear optics refers to the study and manipulation of light in a linear and deterministic manner, where the response of...