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target Dictionary Terms

bombsight
An instrument that determines, or allows a bombardier to determine, the point in the plane's line of flight at which a bomb...
cross section
Calculation of the probability of an interaction between two types of particles, such as light absorption, excitation or...
phase-modulated sensor
A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...
autocollimation
Technique of projecting an illuminated target at infinity and receiving the target image after reflection from a flat mirror...
target size and orientation
Angular tracking measurement estimated from the properly normalized image second-moment tensor.
magnetron sputtering
A variation from standard physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating techniques, magnetron sputtering is a plasma coating...
frame rate
Frame rate refers to the frequency at which consecutive images, or frames, are displayed in a video sequence. It is...
laser designator
A laser device used to establish a location or target usually for detection by an impact source e.g. missiles and guided...
target
1. The anode or anticathode of an x-ray tube that emits x-rays when bombarded by electrons. 2. The screen in a television...
conjugate autofocus system
A system that determines whether an image is in or out of focus by means of a source of illumination at the conjugate focal...
gunsight
An optical device that permits the alignment of a gun, cannon or rocket launcher system with its target.
lens testing equipment
Lens testing equipment refers to a range of specialized tools and instruments used to evaluate the optical performance,...
phototheranostics
Phototheranostics, a portmanteau of "photo" (light), "therapy," and "diagnostics," refers to an emerging field that combines...
mid-wave infrared
MWIR stands for mid-wave infrared, referring to a specific range of wavelengths within the infrared spectrum. Infrared...
modulation transfer function analysis/measurement equipment
MTF analysis/measurement equipment refers to instruments and tools used to measure and analyze the modulation transfer...
heatseeker
A guided missile that uses an infrared sensor to detect and home in on an enemy target. The missile is guided by the high...
leading edge spike
In a sequence of laser pulse emissions, the intitial pulse that often helps initiate a reaction at the target surface,...
laser surgery
Laser surgery refers to a medical procedure in which a laser, or focused beam of light, is used as a precision tool to cut,...
thin film deposition equipment
Thin-film deposition equipment refers to machinery and tools used in the process of depositing thin layers of material onto...
laser output
The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...
alignment telescope
An optical tooling instrument consisting of an objective lens, a focusing lens, an optical micrometer, a reticle and an...
holmium laser
Holmium lasers are a type of medical laser that utilizes holmium-doped crystals as the gain medium. The term holmium laser...
Faraday rotation
The effect discovered by Faraday in 1845 whereby nonoptically active materials or substances become capable of rotating the...
kron camera
Astronomical detector consisting of a photocathode isolated from the target by a coin value from which electrons are focused...
resolution target
A chart on paper or glass containing a series of sets of lines at progressively smaller spacing and used to ascertain the...
laser rangefinder
A laser rangefinder is a device that uses laser technology to measure the distance between the device and a target. It...
magnetically focused image tube
A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned,...
masks for evaporation/deposition
In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...
corner cube
A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...
excitation volume
The amount of x-rays used to penetrate and diffuse a target sample undergoing electron-probe microanalysis.
optical tooling level
A surveying device used to measure vertical displacement of target centers of scale lines from a horizontal plane generated...
time of flight
(TOF) The length of time needed for a signal to arrive at and be reflected from the target. The basis of an active...
infrared searchlight
An infrared source combined with reflecting projection optics to illuminate a target making it visible when observed through...
coincidence rangefinder
An optical instrument used to determine the distance to a target being viewed. Two similar optical systems view the target...
simultaneous dual field of view
A passive infrared system that uses two line-of-sight telescopes to generate both narrow and wide field-of-view images of...
plasmon ion-assisted deposition
Plasmon ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) is a technique used in thin-film deposition processes, particularly in the production...
FMCW lidar
FMCW lidar stands for frequency-modulated continuous wave lidar. It is a type of lidar (light detection and ranging)...
aptamer
An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...
contrast
The apparent difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image. For a light target against a dark...
deep learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to model and solve complex...
microRNA
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...
digital signal processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...
lidar
Lidar, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and...
attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy
Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...
heightfinder
A rangefinder used to determine the height or altitude of aerial targets by means of optical triangulation. The device...
dynamic magneto-optical correlator
An optical correlator incorporating a binary phase-only spatial light modulator made from an iron garnet magneto-optic solid...
mid-infrared camera
A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...
angular tracking
A laser radar application in which a sequence of direct measurements of target position is fed into a tracking filter to...
optical tooling target
Sets of paired lines carefully designed to give the most accurate pointing possible for various lengths of sight.
x-ray tube target
Also known as an anticathode. An electrode or electrode section that is focused upon by an electron beam and that emits...
fluorophore
A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...
inertial confinement fusion
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...
retroreflector
A retroreflector is an optical device or structure that reflects incident light or electromagnetic waves back to their...
error function
A single number, defined by the computer program or the user that expresses the performance of an optical system. Also known...
optogenetics
A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...
endoscope
An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...
remote sensing
Remote sensing is a method of data collection and observation where information about objects, areas, or phenomena on...
pulsed laser deposition
A technique for depositing a material coating on metal, ceramic, semiconductor or polymer substrates. The interaction of...
photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the...
phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...
machine vision system
A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...
smart bomb
A bomb guided to its target by some form of electro-optical system.
infrared homing
The tracking of a target by its infrared emittance. See heatseeker.
apparent contrast
The perceived brightness difference between light and dark areas on a target.
sniperscope
A high-power riflescope specifically intended for sighting and shooting distant targets.
recombinase polymerase amplification
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...
fiber-coupled LED
A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...
laser ablation
Laser ablation is a process that involves the removal or erosion of material from a target surface using laser energy. This...
reticle
An optical element located at an image plane, containing a pattern that assists in pointing an instrument or measuring...
target angular position
Measurement estimated from the position of the image's centroid.
Gram positive
Gram-positive bacteria are a group of bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed primarily of a substance called...
sputtering equipment
Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
electron-gun system
An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...
nonlinear optical phase conjugation
The coupling of laser or light beams via nonlinear optical techniques such as four-wave mixing to achieve spatial variation...
polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and measure the presence of specific...
image orthicon
A camera tube widely used in television broadcasting. It consists of three sections within a single vacuum envelope. 1. A...
atomic absorption spectrometer
An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...
chromophore
A naturally occurring pigment in tissue that may selectively absorb certain wavelengths and can be used to aid in targeting...
remote inspection
Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...
infrared detector
An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...
monoscope cathode-ray tube
A character generation CRT that functions on the principle of secondary emission. The target holds a set of aluminum...
differential absorption lidar
A lidar (light detection and ranging) technique used in pollution monitoring. Two light beams are emitted simultaneously,...
angle-tracking system
A system in which a sequence of direct measurements of the target position is fed into a tracking filter that may produce...
laser-mediated gene transfer
Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...
character generation cathode-ray tube
A cathode-ray tube that generates symbols for use in other displays. The tube operates by scanning specific characters on...
minimum resolvable temperature
In a thermal imaging system, the smallest change in blackbody equivalent temperature that can be detected clearly by the...
momentum transfer
In physics, momentum transfer is the amount of momentum transferred from one particle to another during particle collision...
photodynamic inactivation
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...
Raman fiber probe
A flexible fiber cable with a small diameter that transports light from the excitation laser to the target. Used in Raman...
photoimmunotherapy
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target...
phototoxicity
Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...
ospin
Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...
ultraviolet fiber optics
Ultraviolet (UV) fiber optics refers to optical fibers that are designed and optimized for the transmission of ultraviolet...
image centroid
Often referred to as the geometric center of a given image or image plane, the centroid of an image is a fixed point located...
sine wave target
Bar pattern represented as a sine curve in which the light distribution varies in one direction.
hyperspectral imaging
Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced imaging technique that captures and processes information from across the...
cinesextant
An optical instrument used to track and image a test vehicle (target) throughout its flight. The cinesextant frequently...
electron speckle pattern interferometry
A method for detecting vibration amplitudes analogous to image holography, except that the film emulsion is replaced by a...
laser dazzle system
Visible laser radiation, often optically expanded and collimated, used to induced temporary blindness from within a walking...
micro-robotics
Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...
ion-beam sputtering
Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...
fluorescent protein
Fluorescent proteins are proteins that exhibit the property of fluorescence, which is the ability to absorb light at a...
dichroic coating
A dichroic coating, also known as a dichroic filter or dichroic mirror, is an optical coating designed to selectively...
camera tube target
The storage surface of an electron beam tube that is scanned by an electron beam to generate an output-signal current...
fiber-linked array image formatter
A wide-field multiobject spectroscopy system used in astronomy, in which a bundle of low-loss optical fibers positioned on...
backscatter
Backscatter refers to the phenomenon in which radiation or waves are scattered backward, opposite to the direction of the...
nearest neighbor
A resampling and interpolation method that uses only the value of the nearest neighbor pixel, while not considering values...
sputtering target
A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
x-ray streak camera
A diagnostic instrument that uses a photocathode design to see a broad range of x-ray radiation by streaking the...
calcium indicator
A calcium indicator is a molecule that is sensitive to changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations in biological systems....
sputtering
A vacuum deposition method in which the coating material (target) is removed from the surface of the coating source...
electronic windowing
In target tracking, a technique for speeding up the image processing by removing bunches of pixels that are outside the area...
photosensitizer
A substance that increases a material's sensitivity to electromagnetic irradiation. In photodynamic therapy, a drug used to...
laser triangulation
A technique that uses a solid-state laser and a detector to determine an object's relative distance to the system. The laser...
directed energy
Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...
homing guidance system
A system of sensors and related instrumentation that allows a navigable object (usually a missile) to locate its destination...
laser shock adhesion test
A nondestructive test, also referred to as LASAT, that uses a high-energy laser pulse that is targeted on an adhesively...

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