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The Practicalities of Building Reliable Deep-UV Optics The Practicalities of Building Reliable Deep-UV Optics
When microlithography at 157 nm was first being investigated several years ago, optics that could survive 10 million laser pulses were the benchmark of performance. Today, pulse-count lifetimes of 40 billion pulses represent the state of the art. To achieve this, virtually every aspect of the traditional fabrication of deep-UV optics, including coating, testing and packaging processes that are used for longer-wavelength components, has had to be reviewed and refined.Progress in each of these...
Photonics Spectra, October 2002
Colorizing High-Speed Machine Vision
Color technology has captured a relatively small share of the machine vision market, but that may soon change. For more and more manufacturers in industries from consumer products to automotive, the question is no longer whether to use a gray-scale...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Hard Photonics Problems Require Soft Solutions Hard Photonics Problems Require Soft Solutions
Increasingly inexpensive computing solutions are enabling users to reconfigure their instruments and to manipulate data as never before, overcoming the constraints of hardware to optimize photonic applications. When a photonics problem is too...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Jobs in Photonics, Our First European Survey
Photonics Spectra has been conducting an annual job survey in the US for several years. This month, we are expanding our range by turning our attention abroad, where we conducted our first survey of employment in the European photonics market. We...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Lasers Meet the Challenge of Welding Aluminum Lasers Meet the Challenge of Welding Aluminum
Aluminum has always been a challenge to weld, primarily because of its low melting point. But its weight advantage over materials such as steel has increasingly put the metal in the spotlight.Forty years ago, apprentice welders had to develop their...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Machining Advances Lead to Multifunctional Optics Machining Advances Lead to Multifunctional Optics
Today’s optical systems usually serve a variety of functions simultaneously, resulting in ever-more-complex subsystems with increasingly critical requirements related to performance, precision, robustness and miniaturization. More...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Photonics Monitors the Ocean’s Fish Photonics Monitors the Ocean’s Fish
The dramatic worldwide reduction in fish populations has put the notion of limitless ocean resources to rest. Swordfish, bluefin tuna, Atlantic salmon and Chilean sea bass populations are under intense pressure from the fishing industry. Even the...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
Widely Tunable Lasers Ready to Lock and Roll Widely Tunable Lasers Ready to Lock and Roll
In the ’90s, visions of the all-optical network danced merrily in the heads of the world’s telecommunications service and equipmentproviders. Now the optical components necessary to transform that all-optical fantasy into a reality are...
Photonics Spectra, September 2002
How Well Can Cameras Measure Color? How Well Can Cameras Measure Color?
Video cameras find use in many automatic inspection applications, from checking the construction of automobiles to scanning microscope specimens for cancerous cells. Often it is important to inspect color as well as other attributes of a product;...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Optical Coatings Reap the Benefits of Telecommunications Optical Coatings Reap the Benefits of Telecommunications
Over the last five years, the optical coating industry has been revolutionized to meet the challenges of producing the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) filters for telecommunications that separate the wavelength channels used in optical...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Physical and Geometric Methods Combined to Model Optics Physical and Geometric Methods Combined to Model Optics
For nearly the entire history of modern lens design, engineers have used geometric ray tracing to model light propagation through optical components. This may soon change, however, thanks to the ever-increasing speed of computers.Ray tracing is...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Solid-State Q-Switched Lasers Expand Their Reach Solid-State Q-Switched Lasers Expand Their Reach
Since their introduction a decade ago, there have been nearly continuous improvements in the performance and reliability of diode-pumped, single-transverse-mode, solid-state lasers with Q-switched operation. Current systems can deliver low noise...
Photonics Spectra, August 2002
Eliminating Vibration in the Nano-World Eliminating Vibration in the Nano-World
Until recently, photonics engineers, among others, had been powerless against settling-time bottlenecks in industrial processes that require submicron-scale precision. Their only effective ways to address fixturing and structural resonance excited...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
F2 Lasers Aren’t Just for Lithography F2 Lasers Aren’t Just for Lithography
Compared with other excimers, F2 lasers emitting at 157 nm have few commercial applications. In fact, were it not for microlithography, it’s possible that these excimers would remain laboratory curiosities for years to come.As it is, their...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Lateral-Scanning Interferometry Takes the Long View Lateral-Scanning Interferometry Takes the Long View
Semiconductor, data storage, optical telecommunications and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications often require surface measurement across relatively large areas with nanometer resolution. With rising demand for smaller form factors and...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Steward Observatory Spins Out Major Mirrors Steward Observatory Spins Out Major Mirrors
Tucson, at first, seems a remote spot for the world’s foremost optical sciences laboratory. Arising from the parched red crust of the Arizona landscape, manicured lawns and English gardens betray an extensive field of subterranean aquifers...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance Goes Dual-Band and Beyond Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance Goes Dual-Band and Beyond
The military action following the events of Sept. 11 has put intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance in the spotlight. It has highlighted the need to persistently monitor a battlefield to determine exactly who and what are there. Terrorists...
Photonics Spectra, July 2002
Does Your CCD Camera Need Cooling? Does Your CCD Camera Need Cooling?
To those in the light-starved world of astronomy, the result of cooling cameras to ultralow temperatures is obvious: Truly amazing images can be produced in situations where only a few photons are available. The need for cooling may not be so...
Photonics Spectra, June 2002
Marking Glass Marking Glass
In any manufacturing process, information about the creation and nature of the product is critical to optimizing the process. Permanent, unambiguous symbols such as part or serial numbers save time, facilitate in-process testing and reduce mistakes....
Photonics Spectra, June 2002
Photonic Crystals Photonic Crystals
Photonic bandgap crystals serve as a microcosm of the photonics industry: Although microscopic in structure, their versatility in manipulating photons could have a huge and pervasive impact on nearly all optical components and instrumentation,...
Photonics Spectra, June 2002
Broadband Spectrophotometry Broadband Spectrophotometry
Designing devices that incorporate ultrathin films is an important means of enhancing yields. However, characterizing ultrathin films can be extremely challenging for mainstream metrology tools such as ellipsometers, interferometers and...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers
They slice, they dice, they weld. Diode-pumped solid-state lasers offer an ever-increasing degree of processing flexibility and beam quality. These factors alone continue to strengthen their position in industrial applications ranging from...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Microdisplays, Macro-Impact Microdisplays, Macro-Impact
Despite their name, microdisplays are making a big impact, and it’s getting bigger. The size of a computer chip, a microdisplay employs photonics technology to create a magnified image large enough to fill a movie screen or a home theater, or...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Modeling Telecommunications Components Modeling Telecommunications Components
The term "crosstalk" describes the phenomenon of power leaking from one channel of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system into a neighboring one. One of the most important design issues for optical communications systems, crosstalk can...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
Not All Multiplexing Technologies Are on the Same Wavelength Not All Multiplexing Technologies Are on the Same Wavelength
Until recently, the development of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology has focused solely on scaling to higher channel counts, following pundits’ predictions that future high-bandwidth applications would create a bandwidth...
Photonics Spectra, May 2002
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