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Superpolishing Deep-UV Optics Feb 1, 2005 — Demanding ultraviolet laser applications, such as microlithography and lasik, are driving the need for coated optics that deliver superior performance and longer lifetimes. Tremendous advances have been made in both areas in recent years, and to continue this progress, optical component manufacturers are turning to low surface roughness, or superpolished, substrates of UV-compatible crystalline materials such as CaF2 and MgF2. Three primary loss mechanisms influence the performance of...
Photonics Spectra, Feb 2005
When the Chips Are Down, It's Microscopy to the Rescue Feb 1, 2005 — Integrated circuits are modern miracles, cramming tens of millions of transistors into thumbnail-size chips. But there’s a dark lining to this silver cloud — one that a terahertz microscopy technique under investigation by scientists at Okayama...
Photonics Spectra, Feb 2005
Advances in Optical Filters for the Life Sciences Jan 1, 2005 — Photonics technologies find application in many analytical instruments in the life sciences. In drug development, for example, photonics enables high-specificity, high-throughput screening for the identification of drug targets and for the genetic...
Photonics Spectra, Jan 2005
New Spectroscopy Methods Discover the Tiniest Particles Jan 1, 2005 — As recently as a few decades ago, most manufacturing industries worried only about those contaminants in their processes that were large enough to cause product failure or customer complaints. In contrast, troubleshooting labs today run on continual...
Photonics Spectra, Jan 2005
NIST Symposium Reports Advances in Fiber Optic Measurements Jan 1, 2005 — In the even-numbered years since 1980, optoelectronics metrologists have met in Boulder, Colo., for the Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements (SOFM). Representing industry, academe and government, the participants report on measurement advances...
Photonics Spectra, Jan 2005
'Wiring' Light with Femtosecond Laser Pulses Dec 1, 2004 — Shortly after the invention of the laser, researchers discovered that intense laser pulses can cause dielectric breakdown and structural change in materials. This generally was considered a nuisance, hindering both research and the development of...
Photonics Spectra, Dec 2004
Infrared Chemical Imaging: The Future of FourierTransform IR Spectroscopy Dec 1, 2004 — Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques are valued for their rapid, nondestructive analysis of materials as well as for their ability to identify the chemical signature of small samples. The Michelson interferometer is the...
Photonics Spectra, Dec 2004
Automated Positioning Meets Microspectrophotometry Nov 1, 2004 — The number of manufacturing applications where spectral analysis of minute samples or areas is required is on the rise. To meet the demands of high throughput and precision, many companies, educational institutions and government agencies are...
Photonics Spectra, Nov 2004
Automation Advances Life Sciences Microscopy Oct 1, 2004 — Automated microscopy in the life sciences can trace its beginnings to the semiconductor industry. In the 1970s, automated microscope stages were developed and used extensively for wafer inspection in semiconductor fabrication. By grafting motorized...
Photonics Spectra, Oct 2004
Improvements Sought in Nitride-Based LEDs Oct 1, 2004 — A team of engineers at National Cheng Kung University in Tainan, Taiwan, has reported the results of its investigations into the fabrication of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum-well green LEDs by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition. The group hopes...
Photonics Spectra, Oct 2004
Spinning Disk vs. Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopes Oct 1, 2004 — When imaging thick biological specimens, light from out-of-focus planes often obscures the fluorescence of structures of interest. Various confocal methods can remove out-of-focus light to reveal the structures. Different confocal systems allow...
Photonics Spectra, Oct 2004
Through the Looking Glass and What Cavity Ringdown Found There Oct 1, 2004 — What is air? Scientists worldwide continue to focus their attention and their instruments on answering that simple question with an ever-increasing standard for accuracy. It is no longer sufficient to know that air is composed mostly of nitrogen and...
Photonics Spectra, Oct 2004
When the Light Fails Oct 1, 2004 — Proper lighting is an important part of any machine vision system. Obviously, the lighting needs to be adequate, but it also should be arranged so that it amplifies the things you want the vision system to see while attenuating those you don't....
Photonics Spectra, Oct 2004
3-D Coordinate Measuring Helps Inspect IC Packaging Aug 1, 2004 — Semiconductor companies currently produce a large assortment of three-dimensional architectures for semiconductor integration and packaging. End users rely on diverse stacking strategies to conserve PC board space. Even stacking die to wafer and...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
Differential Interference Contrast Adds Confocal Imaging Flexibility Aug 1, 2004 — Confocal laser scanning microscopy continues to make inroads into industrial inspection applications as diverse as printed circuit boards and automotive components. A key reason is the technique’s analysis flexibility. Figure 1. Olympus laser...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
Industrial MicroscopyGets Down to Work Aug 1, 2004 — It's a three-dimensional world for industrial microscopy these days, whether it is used to help monitor thin-film deposition processes or to inspect bumps on a circuit board. Regardless of the technique, building the 3-D image usually involves...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
Laser Writes Ferroelectric Domains in a Confocal Microscope Aug 1, 2004 — Confocal microscopes are powerful tools for three-dimensional imaging on the submicron scale and, when combined with fluorescence and/or Raman spectroscopy, can yield local information about chemical composition and structural details. Because of...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
Small Design Changes Can Pump Up Ti:Sapphire Laser Power Aug 1, 2004 — Ti:sapphire laser oscillators and amplifiers are the dominant sources for ultrafast applications because they can deliver ultrashort (<100 fs), widely tunable pulses and high pulse energies at various repetition rates. No other active medium,...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
Technique Maps Complex Microsurfaces Aug 1, 2004 — Recently there has been much interest in various noncontact methods for measuring surface profiles.1 One new technique, based on low-coherence scanning interference microscopes, offers several advantages over monochromatic interferometric...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
Total Interference Contrast Aids Thin-Film Engineering Aug 1, 2004 — Many materials manufacturing applications today, including coating deposition, semiconductor production, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and micromachining, require precision surface step-height measurement. To measure simple surface height...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
Trends in Camera Design Increase Functionality Aug 1, 2004 — Commercially available camera sensors are shrinking, perhaps driven by the camera-phone craze. Now common are 3-μm pixels with megapixel sensors that measure less than half an inch. Although beneficial for compact cameras, such small sensors...
Photonics Spectra, Aug 2004
CCDs Outperform Film in Rotating-Mirror Cameras Jun 1, 2004 — Historically, the fastest framing cameras have been rotating-mirror film cameras, which can capture many millions of frames per second with resolution and image quality that is usually limited by the film grain. As a research tool, they have been...
Photonics Spectra, Jun 2004
Electron Multiplication CCDs Offer a Flexible Solution Jun 1, 2004 — A recent advance in CCD technology is the introduction of electron multiplication or charge carrier multiplication CCDs. This technology is effective in applications requiring high light sensitivity, high spatial resolution and reasonably high frame...
Photonics Spectra, Jun 2004
Slashing the Costs of High-Precision Micromachining Jun 1, 2004 — Nanosecond pulses from Q-switched, solid-state lasers have long been used in a variety of machining applications. More precise micromachining can be accomplished with the UV pulses from excimer lasers and with femtosecond pulses from ultrafast...
Photonics Spectra, Jun 2004
Micromirror Technology Enables More Than Projectors May 1, 2004 — Digital light processing (DLP), which has gained wide acceptance in light modulation for video and data projectors and big-screen high-definition TVs, now enables dozens of emerging applications, including lithography, scientific instrumentation,...
Photonics Spectra, May 2004
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