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power Dictionary Terms

fiber laser
A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...
v-coat
A multilayer antireflective thin-film coating, so called because its reflectance rises steeply at wavelengths above and...
mode selectivity
A multimode laser characteristic defined as the ratio of power loss for the second mode to that of the lowest mode.
negative meniscus lens
A negative powered lens with one surface convex and the other concave, the latter having the greater curvature. It also is...
fluorescence lifetime
Fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time it takes for a fluorophore, a molecule that absorbs light at one wavelength...
holocamera
A camera system used to form a high-precision hologram of the subject on a photographic plate. It contains a high-power...
laser diode module
A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...
convolutional neural network
A powerful and flexible machine-learning approach that can be used in machine vision to help solve difficult problems....
lateral offset loss
A power loss caused by transverse or lateral deviation from optimum alignment of source to optical waveguide, waveguide to...
acceptance pattern
A curve expressing an optical fiber's total transmitted power as a function of its launch angle at the input.
Wynne-Rosin telescope
A Cassegrain telescope having a parabolic primary mirror, a spherical secondary mirror and a zero-power doublet in the...
infrared signal generator
A device that combines electronic and optical techniques to form a monitored infrared signal between 1 and 14 µm. It...
hyperspectral imaging camera
A hyperspectral imaging camera is a sophisticated imaging device capable of capturing and processing data across a wide...
stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...
trial sets (ophthalmic)
Sets of lenses (positive, negative and cylindrical) usually mounted in circular rims suitable for slipping into trial...
detectivity
A measure of the sensitivity of a detector; the reciprocal of noise equivalent power (NEP). See D*.
photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...
candlepower
The luminous intensity of a source of light expressed in candelas.
diode laser
A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....
laserblade scalpel
A contact tip made of artificial sapphire (AlO2) that allows surgeons to use laser power to cut and coagulate tissue...
GaN distributed feedback lasers
GaN (Gallium Nitride) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers refer to a specific type of semiconductor laser based on Gallium...
power flow equation
Optical fiber channel characterization scheme based on three assumptions; the discrete mode spectrum can be replaced by a...
halogen lamp
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
fusion ignition
Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
mandrel
A shaft, spindle or any object generally passed through a workpiece to hold, support or shape a particular piece during its...
dioptometer
A telescopic system having an eyepiece, a reticle and an objective. The instrument measures wavefront power in diopters.
event-based sensor
An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...
ammonia pellets
Charged frozen pellets that are rapidly bombarded with a focused high-power laser to form a dense plasma that can be heated...
bend loss
The loss of optical power in an optical fiber because radiation escapes through its bends. The radiation loss caused by...
illuminated table
A desklike apparatus with an opal glass surface illuminated from beneath by fluorescent tubes. It is equipped with roll...
guided mode
In an optical waveguide, a mode whose field decays monotonically in the transverse direction everywhere external to the core...
photoswitch
A solid-state device that acts as a high-speed power switch, and that is activated by incident radiation.
stacked-diode laser
A type of laser used when a great amount of power is required. Avoiding the bulk of large numbers of optical lenses, this...
visual binaries
A pair of stars (double star) that can be seen separately with a telescope, generally by setting a filar micrometer for the...
radiant power
The time rate of flow of radiant energy, expressed in watts (W), and carries the units of Joule per second (J/s). The prefix...
speckle pattern
A power intensity pattern produced by the mutual interference of partially coherent beams that are subject to minute...
inertial fusion energy
Inertial fusion energy (IFE) refers to a proposed method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy released from...
angular misalignment
Angular deviation from the optimum alignment of source to optical waveguide, waveguide to waveguide, or waveguide to...
equilibrium mode distribution
The condition in a multimode optical waveguide in which the relative power distribution among the propagating modes is...
power density
In laser welding or heat treating, the instantaneous laser beam power per unit area. This parameter is key in determining...
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
blaze height
Blaze height typically refers to a parameter in the context of diffraction gratings, which are optical devices consisting of...
power ratio
 mode hopping
Mode hopping in the context of lasers refers to a phenomenon where a laser system abruptly switches from one longitudinal...
double-clad fiber
Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...
coupler
1. In color development, the chemical that combines with certain by-products of the development procedure to form a dye. 2....
watt
The power that gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of 1 joule per second.
phase-change optical disc
An erasable data recording and storage medium that uses a laser to heat the crystalline surface of the disc to a certain...
time-lapse optical coherence tomography
Time-lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) refers to a medical imaging technique that captures a series of sequential OCT...
fiber optic transceiver
A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...
gallium nitride
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...
photonic crystal surface-emitting laser
PCSEL stands for "photonic crystal surface-emitting laser." It refers to a type of laser diode that emits light from its...
mode interference noise
A condition causing variation in output power that is eliminated by mode locking.
sunlight recorder
An instrument consisting essentially of a photoelectric cell filtered to respond to a specified wavelength region, an...
STED microscopy
STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...
signal level
Calculation of peak and average transmission power at a given point along an optical fiber or cable.
pigtail
A short length of optical fiber permanently fixed to a component and used to couple power between it and the transmission...
laser drill
High power laser ablation device that by pulsed operation produces holes of controllable dimension on the scale of microns....
emissive power
The emissivity of a body times the emissive power of a blackbody at the same temperature. For a blackbody, it is the total...
diaphragm
A flanged or plain ring with a restricted aperture, located in an optical system at any of several points, that cuts off...
splice
A permanent joint whose purpose is to couple optical power among two or more ports. Also, a device whose purpose is to...
resolving power chart
silicon carbide light-emitting diodes
Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...
power
With respect to a lens, the reciprocal of its focal length. The term power, as applied to a telescope or microscope, often...
toric surface
A surface that is swept out by revolving a circle about an axis that lies in the plane of the circle but that does not...
marginal error
The distortion in an ophthalmic lens resulting from the refraction of light rays entering the periphery of the lens surface....
attenuation coefficient
The rate of diminution of average optical power and the sum of the scattering and absorption coefficients.
laser sintering
Laser sintering is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that involves using a laser to selectively fuse...
tip-enhanced Raman scattering
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...
optical materials
Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...
spectrophone technique
Gas detection measurement technique that uses a built-in capacitative microphone to calculate the amount of absorbed laser...
Brace prism
A compound prism composed of two 30° prisms, one of which is partially coated with a suitable opaque metal of high...
optical multimeter
An instrument that measures several optical parameters, such as optical power and wavelength, with a single measurement...
reading glass
A low-power magnifier that usually has a large diameter.
flux
Time rate of flow of energy; the radiant or luminous power in a beam.
fluorescence
Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...
keyhole welding
The process of binding or attaching larger metal sheets by laser welding. The effect is generated by higher power densities...
microbending loss
Transmission loss in optical fibers caused by packaging processes; it is considered a power-coupling effect from the guided...
gamma
A numerical value representing the degree of contrast in a television picture: the exponent of the power law used to...
time constant
The amount of time needed for a detector signal or electronic circuit to reach 63 percent of its final value after a fixed...
fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
A powerful method, referred to as FCS, for determining the average diffusion coefficients of fluorescent molecules in...
transmittance
The ratio of the radiant power transmitted by an object to the incident radiant power.
directed energy
Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...
efficiency
As applied to a device or machine, the ratio of total power input to the usable power output of the device.
integrated Dewar cooler assembly
An infrared detector mounted directly on the cold finger of the Dewar cooler rather than at the interface of Dewar and...
deep
A concave surface that has too much negative power; i.e., its radius of curvature is too short. This condition can be...
noise equivalent power
At a given modulation frequency, wavelength, and for a given effective noise bandwidth, the radiant power that produces a...
landolt band
A dark band that may appear in the field of crossed Nicol prisms with a powerful source such as the sun because the light is...
thermal interface materials
Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...
equal-energy spectrum
Spectrum characterized by equal energy (power, flux) per unit wavelength interval.
topology
Topology is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the properties of space that are preserved under continuous...
harmonic generation
Harmonic generation refers to a nonlinear optical process in which incoming photons interact with a material and produce new...
frequency comb
A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...
retroreflector
A retroreflector is an optical device or structure that reflects incident light or electromagnetic waves back to their...
microscope immersion fluid
The liquid used in microscopy to fill the space between the high-power objective lens and the microscope slide in order to...
optical microphone
Laser-powered telephone device for analog communications that employs a vibrating plastic membrane as a transmitter to...
nuclear fusion
In physics, nuclear fusion refers to the process in which two atomic nuclei come together to form a heavier nucleus,...
optical power
q-switched operation
Q-switched operation, or q-switching, is a technique used in lasers to produce short and intense pulses of light. The term...
microcomb
A microcomb, short for microresonator frequency comb, is a novel photonic device that generates a precise series of evenly...
half bandwidth
The term half bandwidth (HBW) generally refers to the width of a spectral band or frequency range at half of its maximum...
field ion microscope
An extremely powerful microscope that renders individual ionized atoms visible by using an electric field to propel the ions...
Prentice's rule
A method of determining prism power at any point on a lens. Prism power equals the product of the dioptric power and the...
carrier-to-noise ratio
The ratio of the power of the carrier wave to that of unwanted signal distortions, or noise, before any nonlinear signal...
Verdet constant
A factor of an equation of the Faraday effect, which is the rotation of the plane of light polarization by transparent...
energy-sharing laser
A laser that distributes its output power among two, three or four optical fibers simultaneously.
half-power point
1. The value on either the leading or the trailing edge of a laser pulse at which the power is one-half of its maximum...
conduction welding
A type of laser welding of thin materials using a defocused or low-power carbon dioxide laser beam. The energy is absorbed...
free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...
contact laser surgery
Laser surgery by means of a low-power laser system using a synthetic sapphire scalpel that transmits the laser light while...
lasing threshold
The lowest excitation power level at which a laser's output is mainly the result of stimulated emission rather than...
advanced photon source
An accelerator at the Argonne National Laboratory, providing powerful x-ray beams for materials research applications.
high harmonic generation
High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...
antiguide
A waveguide that has a core with a lower refractive index than the refractive index of the cladding. This structure can...
single-molecule FRET
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...
swept source optical coherence tomography
Swept-source optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
quasi-CW laser
A laser that generates a succession of pulses at a high enough repetition rate to appear continuous. The pump source is...
radiation pattern
Relative power distribution as a function of position or angle.
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
optical testing instrument
An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...
self-absorption
In optical emission spectroscopy, the reduction in radiant power in the central portion of spectral lines arising from the...
ultrafast laser
An ultrafast laser is a type of laser that emits extremely short pulses of light with durations typically on the order of...
collateral radiation
Category inclusive of all radiation that is incited electronically, except laser radiation, as a function of the application...
sniperscope
A high-power riflescope specifically intended for sighting and shooting distant targets.
laser active elements
Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...
image quality
A measure of the closeness with which an optical image is capable of resembling the original object. The factors that affect...
radiant emittance
Radiant power emitted into a full sphere (4p steradians) by a unit area of a source; expressed in watts per square meter.
light source power
The electrical power used to stimulate any light source. Power supplies may be step-up or step-down transformers; rectifiers...
launch numerical aperture
The numerical aperture of an optical system used to couple (launch) power into an optical waveguide.
GaN-based LEDs
Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...
FTIR spectrometer
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...
GaAlAs laser
A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...
Rayleigh criterion of resolving power
When a lens system with a circular aperture is free of aberrations, the image of a point object will appear as a disc of...
CCD image sensor
A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...
interferometric modulator display
Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) is a type of display technology used in electronic devices, known for its energy...
attenuation meter
A device used to measure power loss in fiber optic connectors, cables or systems.
optical data storage
The storage of information via optical means, primarily employing a low-power laser to inscribe data on a photosensitive...
beam profiling
Beam profiling is a technique used to characterize and analyze the spatial intensity distribution of a laser beam. It...
quantum cascade laser
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....
MEMS fiber optic switch
A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...
power efficiency
The ratio of emitted power to input power.
beam profiler
A device that measures the spatial distribution of energy perpendicular to the propagation path of a radiant beam. An energy...
beam attenuator
A device designed to decrease flux density or power per unit area of a light beam through absorption and scattering of the...
laser pointer
Handheld optical laser device containing a semiconductor or DPSS source. The output is corrected via internal collimating...
neuromorphic
Neuromorphic refers to the design and development of computing systems or devices that are inspired by the structure and...
backward-wave oscillator
An amplifying device with a wide tuning range in which an electron gun sends a beam of electrons into a slow-wave structure....
electrophoretic display
An electrophoretic display, often referred to as an electronic paper display or e-paper display, is a type of electronic...
vertical imbalance
The difference in base up or down prism power at corresponding points located on the two lenses of a pair of spectacles.
cathode coupling
In electronics, the coupling of power from stage to stage by the use of an input or output element in the cathode.
mode sweeping
A form of laser output noise that is caused by thermal, mechanical, or acoustical disturbances of the cavity length. Mode...
saturation
1. The decrease of the absorption (or gain) coefficient of a medium near some transition frequency when the power of the...
refracted ray method
The technique for measuring the index profile of an optical fiber by scanning the entrance face with the vertex of a high...
hollow waveguide
An infrared-transmitting optical fiber with a hollow core; it can be square, round or rectangular in cross section. Capable...
spectral response
Measure of a detector's signal during exposure to radiation of a constant power level and varying wavelength.
empty magnification
Magnification that is above the level of maximum useful magnification and does not contribute useful resolving power. In a...
rare-earth type glass
Optical glasses containing the oxides of rare earths such as lanthanum to impart a very high refractive index combined with...
virtual base
The product of the actual base or baseline of a rangefinder or heightfinder, and the power or magnification of the...
coherent optical adaptive technique
The use of phase conjugation or other methods to increase the power density of a laser beam under adverse atmospheric...
finderscope
A low-power telescope with a wide field of view, typically attached to a higher power telescope with a narrower field of...
prism power
The power, expressed in prism diopters, that is the linear displacement, in centimeters, produced by the prism one meter...
attenuation-limited power
In fiber optics, the limitation on performance imposed by the amplitude of a received signal rather than distortion.
helium-neon laser
A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...
output coupler
The partially reflective mirror at the end of the laser cavity that is the source of the beam. It controls the coupling...
segment
In multifocal spectacles, a term used to denote glass with a high refractive index that has been fused to the blank and...
linewidth
1. The range of frequencies or wavelengths over which radiations are absorbed or emitted in a transition between a specific...
limiting angle of resolution
The angle subtended by two points or lines that are just far enough apart to be distinguished as separate. The ability of an...
diffraction efficiency
Diffraction efficiency is a measure of how effectively a diffractive optical element (DOE) or diffraction grating directs...
calorimeter
An instrument used to measure the change of heat content of a system by measuring microwave power in terms of generated heat.
transverse pumping
The laser pumping that exhibits an advantage over longitudinal pumping in that the threshold pump power density can be...
tristimulus integration
Computation of tristimulus values by integrating or summing, over the visible wavelength region, the product of the relative...
millidiopter
A unit of metric measure equivalent to 1 thousandth (or 10-3 ) of the standard unit of optical power which is the diopter (1...
electroluminescent display
The utilization of the light produced when electrical energy is directly converted into light within devices used for visual...
fiber optic spectrometer
A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...
optical nonlinearity
The phenomenon that makes nonlinear the mathematical expression for the electrical polarization of a medium through which...
vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser
A laser that has a surface-emitting semiconductor gain element coupled to an external mirror designed to complete the laser...
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering is a phenomenon that occurs when light waves interact with particles or molecules that are much smaller...
shallow
A term used to denote a concave surface having too long a radius of curvature. That is, its negative power is too small or...
prismograph
A graphical device used to measure prism power.
power supply
Refers to the voltage and current necessary for the operation of circuit devices.
Sonnar lens
A photographic objective that uses the thick meniscus principle to obtain its power. It is designed to photograph small...
side mode suppression ratio
The relation of power between center peak longitudinal mode with the nearest higher order mode.
fiber distributed data interface
A standard for fiber optic data transmission systems being developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and...
optical channel monitor
An optical channel monitor (OCM) is a device used in optical communication systems to monitor and analyze the performance of...
prism binoculars
A pair of telescopes with prismatically erected images, mounted side by side with the eyepieces at the interocular distance...
inertial confinement fusion
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...
Williams refractometer
A refractometer that has a greater resolving power than a standard refractometer, and that uses a pentagonal prism to split...
copper oxide photocell
An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...
multiple wavelength interferometry
A specific form of phase shifting interferometry - commonly referred to as multiple wavelength phase shifting interferometry...
resolving power
A measure of an optical system's ability to produce an image which separates two points or parallel lines on the object. See...
CoaXPress
CoaXPress (CoaXPress or CXP) is a standardized digital interface and communication protocol used primarily in machine vision...
laser crystal
A laser crystal, also known as an active medium or gain medium, is a solid-state material used in the construction of...
dBm
Decibels referenced to one milliwatt; often used to specify power ratings for semiconductor diode lasers.
paraffin oil
A saturated compound of carbon and hydrogen used as a liquid coating material for optical components in high-power laser...
thermophotovoltaic
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
optical switching
Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...
light throughput efficiency
The fraction of incident light power in an optical modulator that is available to the output beam.
catadioptric imaging system
A system that uses both reflection and refraction to achieve its focal power. While the relative powers of the lenses and...
selective laser melting
Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that belongs to the powder bed...
lumen
A lumen is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of luminous flux, which is the perceived power of light. In...
umbilical
A connection, typically made up of one or more cables, between a laser head and a separate power supply. Flexible pipes or...
focal length
The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens's optical center (or principal point) and the image sensor or...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
power modulation
Power modulation refers to the intentional variation of power levels in a signal, often in the context of electronic...
strobotron
A specified cold-cathode gas tube used to apply a short-duration, high-power arc for a stroboscope.
active-matrix liquid crystal display
When applied to LCD grids, the active matrix is a means of supplying power to pixels by use of a transistor and capacitor....
transmission loss
The decrease in power that occurs when an optical beam or signal is transmitted through a system.
extreme ultraviolet
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) refers to a specific range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum....
laser optics
Laser optics refers to a broad category of optical components and systems designed for manipulating and controlling laser...
Peltier cooler
A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...
gain-switching
Gain-switching is a technique used in lasers to generate short pulses of light by modulating the gain of the laser medium....
mode partitioning
The pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in power distribution among modes of a Fabry-Perot laser, which can result in...
radiant efficiency
The ratio of the radiant flux emitted by a source to the power supplied.
chirped-pulse amplification
Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique used in laser physics to amplify ultrashort laser pulses to high energies...
dielectric
Exhibiting the characteristic of materials that are electrical insulators or in which an electric field can be sustained...
modal noise
In an optical system, noise created by mode-dependent optical losses and variations in the distribution of radiant power...
photonic integrated circuit
A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...
laser lithotripsy
Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses laser energy to break down or fragment stones in various parts of the...
surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that enhances the Raman scattering signal of...
photonic computer
A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...
electrodynamics
The study of the generation of electromagnetic power by radiation from high-energy beams.
image brightness
The apparent luminance of the image as seen through an optical system. This brightness of the image is determined by the...
loupe
A low-power (2x to 10x) magnifier consisting of a single positive lens assembly.
fiber bandwidth
The lowest frequency at which the magnitude of the fiber transfer function decreases to a specified fraction of the zero...
dynamic variation
In electrical equipment, power variations that are temporary (as opposed to the permanent, cumulative effects of drift).
internal transmittance
The ratio of the radiant power transmitted to the second surface of a medium to the corresponding radiant power that has...
luminous flux
Descriptive of the radiant power of visible light modified by the eye response. It is the measure of the flow of visible...
toric lens
A lens having one or more toric surfaces. A toric surface is one having a maximum power in one meridian and a minimum power...
light filament
Phenomenon caused by an ultrashort and ultra-intense light pulse propagating in a Kerr medium, such as air or water. When...
constrigence
Reciprocal of the dispersive power of an optical material. See Abbe constant.
telephoto power
The ratio between the focal length of a lens having a longer focal length than that of the standard lens used with a camera,...
light-powered telephone
Technology that relies on a highly efficient photodetector that can detect incoming light signals at one frequency and...
isoperibol enclosure
An enclosure for a calorimeter that allows measurement of unusually low quantities of power and energy.
fiber fuse
A phenomenon in which high optical power, encountering an imperfection in an optical fiber, destroys the fiber's core and...
gap loss
The optical power loss caused by a space between axially aligned fibers.
grating
A framework or latticework having an even arrangement of rods, or any other long narrow objects with interstices between...
laser damage threshold
The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...
distortion-limited operation
The limitation on performance imposed by the distortion of a received signal rather than its amplitude or power.
neutralization
In optics, the process of combining two lenses having equal and opposite powers to produce a result having no power.
isolator
In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...
optical dynameter
A small low-power microscope or magnifier with a scale that is used to measure the exit pupil diameter and eye relief on...
servomotor
A type of motor that acts as the control element in a servomechanism. It is powered by an amplifier circuit and drives the...
electroluminescent-photoconductive image intensifier
A panel of photoconductive and electroluminescent layers used as either a positive or negative image intensifier, depending...
power average
For a pulsed laser, the product of the energy per pulse (joule) and the pulse frequency (hertz); expressed in watts.
nonlinear optical materials
Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...
relative intensity noise
The inherent laser amplitude noise relative to the average optical power produced by the laser; the RIN decreases rapidly as...
loss budget
The total optical power loss in a system. The loss budget is often stated in terms of the transmitted power and the power...
magnifying power
The ability of an optical system to make an object appear larger. An optical element or optical system causing an object to...
fiber-coupled LED
A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...
laser drift
Laser drift typically refers to a phenomenon where the frequency or wavelength of a laser source gradually changes over...
chromatic resolving power
The ability of the instrument to separate wavelengths that are close together, numerically equal to the ratio of the shorter...
flashlamp-pumped dye laser
A pulsed dye laser in which the excitation is provided by means of a flashlamp. Output is tunable from 335 to 850 nm, with...
lensometer
An ophthalmic instrument used to measure the magnitude and direction of the maximum and minimum powers of a spectacle lens,...
diopter
A unit of optical measurement that expresses the refractive power of a lens or prism. In a lens or lens system, it is the...
average power
In a pulsed laser, the pulse energy in joules times the repetition rate in hertz.
presbyopia
A state in which the human eye has very little or no power of accommodation. A common and normal condition in the eyes of...
carbon dioxide laser
A gas laser in which the energy-state transitions between vibrational and rotational states of CO2 molecules give emission...
rare earth dopants
Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...
microdisplay
A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...
prism chromatic resolving power
The chromatic resolving power of a prism is invariably stated for the case in which parallel rays of light are incident on...
optical fiber optic switches
Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...
flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...
Murty interferometer
A form of shearing interferometer that contains a simple wedged (plane-parallel) glass plate with a nonzero optical path...
insertion loss
The total optical power loss caused by the insertion of an optical component such as a connector, splice or coupler into a...
temporal response
Characteristic of deflected light power defined as the quadratic invariant function of the video signal amplitude.
riflescope
A small erect-image telescope for use as a sighting device on a rifle. The chief requirement is a long eye relief to avoid...
illuminant
Source of radiation defined or specified by its spectral power distribution.
rotational power stability
Ability of a laser to resist variations in output power caused when it is slowly rotated about its optical or symmetrical...
lens testing equipment
Lens testing equipment refers to a range of specialized tools and instruments used to evaluate the optical performance,...
signal-induced noise
Noise generated in the flow of current in the photomultiplier, produced by the intentional or controlled application of...
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...
CIE illuminant
Spectral power distribution representing a standard source of illumination, which may be real or hypothetical.
dispersive power
A measure of the dispersive properties of a glass. The relative dispersion is defined as: where C, D, and F refer to the...
variable-focus condenser
An Abbe condenser in which the upper lens element is fixed. The lower lens may focus the illumination between the elements...
machine vision system
A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...
auxiliary telescope
A low-power telescope placed at the eyepiece of an optical system to increase overall magnification. Most often used to...
flicker noise
Any noise with a power spectral density that is the inverse of the signal's frequency and is therefore most significant for...
microscope
An instrument consisting essentially of a tube 160 mm long, with an objective lens at the distant end and an eyepiece at the...
Nd:YAG laser
Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...
Casimir force
The Casimir force is a quantum phenomenon that results in an attractive force between two closely spaced uncharged...
alexandrite lasers
An alexandrite laser is a solid-state laser that utilizes a synthetic crystal made from the rare earth element alexandrite...
splitting ratio
A ratio expressing the difference in power between the output fibers of a coupler or splitter.
antiferromagnetism
The elimination of magnetic moments and decrease in magnetic susceptibility with a decrease in temperature due to the equal...
vertometer
A device that measures the back focal length or vertex power of a lens.
luminescent greenhouse collector
A collector for photovoltaic power generation that consists of a thin plate that strongly absorbs sunlight striking its...
Nernst glower
A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...
terrestrial telescope
A telescope that produces an erect image. Erection is achieved either by a lens (for a long instrument) or a prism (for a...
enhanced pulsing
A type of laser pulsing with high laser power at the beginning of the pulse.
power spectrum equalization
A filtering method that restores a blurred image by setting its power spectrum equal to that of the original image.
SPIN
Acronym for self-aligned polysilicon interconnect N-channel. A metal-gate process that uses aluminum for the metal-oxide...
photodiode
A two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with...
power scanning laws
Laws that predict the maximum power output as a function of tube diameter for a hydrogen cyanide laser of a given discharge...
photocurrent
The current that flows through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.
extinction ratio
The ratio of the power of a plane-polarized beam that is transmitted through a polarizer placed in its path with its...
ray tracing
Ray tracing is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to simulate the way light interacts with objects in a scene....
Fresnel lens
A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...
chip-on-board lights
Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...
distribution temperature
Temperature of the blackbody having a spectral power distribution approximately proportional to the test source at all...
corner cube
A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...
Faraday rotation
The effect discovered by Faraday in 1845 whereby nonoptically active materials or substances become capable of rotating the...
crystalline lens
The internal lens of the eye. It is semielastic to permit changes in its power when focusing on objects at near distances.
micro-robotics
Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...
Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...
micro-LED
Micro-LED (micro-light-emitting diode) refers to a technology that involves the use of very small light-emitting diodes to...
holographic tomography
Holographic tomography is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and tomography to provide three-dimensional...
III-V material
In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...
zonal constant
A factor that, when multiplied by the average candlepower emitted by a light source in a specified angular zone, reveals the...
machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and...
oil-immersion objective
A form of high-power microscope objective where the space between the object and the first element is filled with an oil...
reflection coefficient
Parametric measurement for elliptical fiber and cable expressed as a ratio of the two-directional flow of power through the...
vertex power
The reciprocal of the back focal distance of a spectacle lens.
laser-induced cut and patch
A process used in the design, repair and customization of integrated circuits. A low-power laser etches a silicon wafer...
automatic power control circuit
 skiatron
A system employing a dark trace tube in which the opacity of the screen is varied as a function of the power of the beam.
optometer
An instrument designed to measure the refractive power and range of accommodation of the eye. See ophthalmic instruments.
femtosecond laser
A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...
monitor current
In a laser diode, the photocurrent produced by a photodiode that detects the emission from the rear facet of the...
electron power tube
An electron-beam tube with power-handling capability that is essentially based on controlled electron beams. Its control and...
zonal aberration
Spherical or chromatic aberration in a lens having a wide aperture. It is present because the refracting power varies for...
reflective spectroscopy
Reflectance spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the reflective properties of materials across various wavelengths of...
lens measure
A tool used to determine the curvature of a lens surface in terms of dioptric power. See lens watch; spherometer.
microchannel plate
A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...
decibel
The standard unit used to express gain or loss and relative power levels. The decibel (dB) = 10 log (P2/P1).
beam candlepower
With relation to the equivalent beam candlepower of a searchlight, the candlepower of a bare source that would produce the...
electrowetting display
An electrowetting display (EWD) is a type of electronic display technology that utilizes the principles of electrowetting to...
focal power
In a symmetrical optical system this is a measure of the influence of the system upon the focus of a pencil of rays passing...
pulse shaping
The use of variations in the power supplied to a laser to change the shape of the output pulse. The technique is used in...
frequency domain
The frequency domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to represent signals and data in terms of their...
diffraction grating spectrograph
A spectrograph that uses a diffraction grating as its dispersive element in place of a prism, and yields greater resolving...
spectral power distribution
The relative power emitted by a source as a function of wavelength. It determines the color-rendering properties of the...
source efficiency
The ratio of emitted optical power of a source to the input electrical power.
remote inspection
Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...
thin-film solar cell
A solar cell that is lightweight and flexible because of its construction by vacuum deposition of a semiconductor material...
embedded vision
Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...
liquid crystal light valve
A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...
luminous efficacy
Quotient of total luminous flux divided by total radiant flux; lumens per watt. (For a source, quotient of total luminous...
ophthalmoscope
Also referred to as a funduscope, an ophthalmoscope is a specialized instrument used by ophthalmologists for observing and...
beam diameter
1. Calculated distance between two exactly opposed points on a beam at a chosen fraction of peak power (typically 1/e2). 2....
optical glass
Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...
synchrotron
A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...
pulse compression
A means of achieving higher peak powers and more efficient harmonic generation by narrowing the pulse width and thus...
gas laser
One of the first lasers to find practical application. Generally, the pumping mechanism is an electric discharge, although...
mode coupling
In an optical waveguide, the exchange of power/energy among modes.
laser powder bed fusion
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a type of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that uses a high-power...
diode-pumped solid-state laser
A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...
radiance
Radiant power per unit source area per unit solid angle. Usually it is expressed in watts/m2/steradian.
attenuation constant
The real part of the axial propagation constant for a particular mode. The attenuation coefficient for the mode power is...
laser diode array
A group of single emitter laser diodes, usually arranged vertically or horizontally with respect to each other. The power...
gravitational lens
The effect of a powerful gravitational field on light traveling through the field. This effect is detectable in astronomical...
pulse duration
The lifetime of a laser pulse, generally defined as the time interval between the halfpower points on the leading and...
optoelectronic
Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation...
optical power spectrum
Also known as the Wiener spectrum or the noise power spectrum, the optical power spectrum is a fundamental quantity in...
neuromorphic vision sensor
A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...
disc calorimeter
A device that provides simple and reliable laser power and energy measurement. Essentially a heat flux sensor producing an...
direct laser interference patterning
Also called DLIP, a high-speed, high-resolution processing technique that uses high-power, pulsed laser systems to directly...
noise
The unwanted and unpredictable fluctuations that distort a received signal and hence tend to obscure the desired message....
integrated energy
Also known as integrated exposure. A measurement of light from sources that vary rapidly with time, defined as the integral...
signal-to-noise ratio
The ratio of the power in a desired signal to the undesirable noise present in the absence of a signal.
white-light continuum
An extremely wide emission spectrum generated by the nonlinear effects created when a high peak power from a short-pulse...
system on chip
Abbreviated SoC. A single chip containing all the electronic circuits required for a complete, working product. SoCs are...
Amici objective
A form of high-power microscope objective.
passive-matrix OLED display
An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...

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