A new fabrication technique called nanopantography can create billions of carbon nanotubes in hours and could help popularize a technology that renders LCDs obsolete. Professors Vincent Donnelly, Demetre Economou and Paul Ruchhoeft, all of the Cullen College of Engineering at the University of Houston (UH), created the new nanofabrication technique that can mass-produce an ordered array of carbon nanotubes -- the most efficient electron emitters known -- by removing some of the largest practical barriers to creating large quantities of nanotech devices, said Economou. The ability to quickly fabricate massive numbers of carbon nanotubes could enable the display industry to move away from LCDs and toward the superior technology of field emission display (FED), which requires many carbon nanotubes to create a picture with higher resolution than an LCD, the researchers said. Nanopantography uses standard photolithography to selectively remove parts of a thin film and etching to create arrays of ion-focusing microlenses -- small round holes through a metal structure -- on a substrate, such as a silicon wafer. “These lenses act as focusing elements,” Donnelly said. “They focus the beamlets to fabricate a hole 100 times smaller than the lens size.” A beam of ions is then directed at the substrate. When the wafer is tilted, the desired pattern is replicated simultaneously in billions of many closely spaced holes over an area, limited only by the size of the ion beam. “The nanostructures that you can form out of that focusing can be written simultaneously over the whole wafer in predetermined positions,” Economou said. “Without our technique, nanotech devices can be made with electron-beam writing or with a scanning tunneling microscope. However, the throughput, or fabrication speed, is extremely slow and is not suitable for mass production or for producing nanostructures of any desired shape and material.” With the right ions and gaseous elements, the nanotech fabrication method can be used to etch a variety of materials and virtually any shape with nanosize dimensions. A standard printing technique that can create lenses measuring 100 nanometers wide could be used to draw features just one nanometer wide if combined with nanopantography. “We expect nanopantography to become a viable method for rapid, large-scale fabrication,” Donnelly said. Economou, Donnelly and Ruchhoeft have been working on the technology for four years and UH filed a patent application in December 2006. They hope the technology can become commercially available in five to 10 years and expect it to become a viable method for large-scale production. For more information, visit: www.uh.edu