In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from group III and group V of the periodic table. More specifically, these materials are compound semiconductors formed by combining...

A pulsed laser that emits a recurring pulsed output. Frequency of the pulses emitted is known as pulsed recurrence frequency...

Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

A monochromator is an optical instrument used to isolate and select a narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of...

A medical technology that uses lasers or other light sources in combination with photosensitizing drugs to treat cancerous...

Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...

Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...

In the context of optics and lasers, a transverse mode refers to a specific spatial pattern of the electric field within the...

The generic term applied to all sources of visible radiation from burning matter to ionized vapors and lasers, regardless of...

The study of the optical properties of living tissue. Increased understanding of the behavior of light in this varied,...

Nanopositioning refers to the precise and controlled movement or manipulation of objects or components at the nanometer...

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...

Also known as gatling gun laser. A system that has an array of lasers sharing a common central axis on a rotating Fabry...

GaN (gallium nitride) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers refer to a specific type of semiconductor laser based on Gallium...

Certain color centers in the alkali halides have been optically pumped to produce efficient tunable pulsed and...

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...

Nonlinear polarization refers to the phenomenon where the polarization of a material responds nonlinearly to an applied...

A laser cavity, also known as an optical cavity or resonator, is a fundamental component of a laser system. It is a confined...

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

A laser crystal, also known as an active medium or gain medium, is a solid-state material used in the construction of...

An optical table, also known as an optical bench or an optical breadboard, is a specialized platform used in optics...

In optics, "mode beating" refers to an interference phenomenon that can occur in laser systems with multiple longitudinal...

In a lens, the square of the radius of its aperture divided by the product of the focal length and the wavelength. It...

A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...

Nonlinear optics is a branch of optics that studies the optical phenomena that occur when intense light interacts with a...

Metal used in components of the crystalline semiconductor alloys indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), indium gallium arsenide...

An alexandrite laser is a solid-state laser that utilizes a synthetic crystal made from the rare earth element alexandrite...

The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...

Volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) are specialized optical elements that consist of periodic variations in refractive index...

Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...

Photon-rich typically refers to an environment or situation where there is an abundance of photons present. In the context...

Ray tracing is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to simulate the way light interacts with objects in a scene....

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

Glass containing small quantities of neodymium oxide that is used as a filter plate in color television or as a lasing...

The phenomenon that makes nonlinear the mathematical expression for the electrical polarization of a medium through which...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...

Supercontinuum refers to a broad spectrum of light that spans a wide range of wavelengths, typically from the visible to the...

A crystalline semiconductor alloy used as the light confinement layer in both single- and double-heterostructure diode...

Although low in sensitivity (approximately 10-7 m for helium-neon lasers), this holographic technique permits quantitative...

Gain-switching is a technique used in lasers to generate short pulses of light by modulating the gain of the laser medium....

Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...

The term "embedded laser" typically refers to a laser device that is integrated or embedded into a larger system or...

A pulse having extremely short duration, about 10-13 to 10-10 s, that is produced by mode locking of wide-bandwidth lasers,...

Decibels referenced to one milliwatt; often used to specify power ratings for semiconductor diode lasers.

A lumen is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of luminous flux, which is the perceived power of light. In...

1. The process by which an atom acquires energy sufficient to raise it to a quantum state higher than its ground state. 2....

A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance, which is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force or...

A crystal, glass, or quartz slicing and cutting machine is a specialized piece of equipment used in the manufacturing...

Q-switched operation, or q-switching, is a technique used in lasers to produce short and intense pulses of light. The term...

A method of designing lasers whereby the laser rod is cut into elliptical discs and cooled by running water over the disc...

Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...

A reference incandescent light source having a luminous intensity that is used in photometry for comparison of other light...

A laser using a dye solution as its active medium. Its output is a short pulse of broad spectral content and its achievable...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

Continuous wave (CW) refers to a type of signal or transmission where the signal is constant and does not vary with time. In...

LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...

Array used in coded-aperture imaging experiments with two-beam CO2 lasers that provide an artifact-free process, faithful...

A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...

Agents used for testing light sources and natural daylight with visual and instrumental assessment using a set of white...

A technique used in holography that involves the mixing of lasers of different wavelengths to produce a beam of shorter...

A reflection hologram using multiple color lasers that integrates various graphical techniques to allow the display of...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures changes in hemoglobin...

Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...

An optical resonator in which feedback is accomplished by two parallel planes. In diode lasers, the planes are obtained by...

Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...

An Er:YAG laser is a type of solid-state laser that uses a crystal made of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

Devices in which the lasing medium is a vapor of metal atoms or ions, sometimes mixed with another gas. Metal vapor lasers...

An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...

Holmium lasers are a type of medical laser that utilizes holmium-doped crystals as the gain medium. The term holmium laser...

Photoconductive antenna (PCA) is a semiconductor element that generates or detects high-frequency electromagnetic signals....

Spectral flow cytometry is an advanced flow cytometry technique that expands the capabilities of traditional flow cytometry...

A device similar to distributed feedback lasers in construction and operation, but in which the period grating that produces...

A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...

Laser drift typically refers to a phenomenon where the frequency or wavelength of a laser source gradually changes over...

A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...

A device used to compare the luminous intensities of two sources by locating a point between the two light sources where the...

The term reflective is an adjective that describes the ability of a surface or material to reflect light or other forms of...

A method of creating real three-dimensional models by using lasers driven by CAD software. In contrast to the normal...

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...

A beam shaper is an optical device or system designed to modify the spatial profile or intensity distribution of a laser or...

In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...

A current-source thermal detector used to detect and study the pulses obtained from particular lasers.

A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...

Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...

A mirror employed with a very high incidence angle to form a pair of coherent light sources by reflection, and therefore...

A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...

A laser oscillator in which two mirrors are separated by an amplifying medium with an inverted population, making a...

The use of two lasers as a master-slave pair in order to control frequency and prevent chirp. When light from the master is...

A parallel plate of glass in such a position that the refracted and reflected rays of incident parallel light are mutually...

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...

A light therapy that utilizes nonionizing light sources, including lasers, LEDs, and broadband light, in the visible and...

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits or blocks specific wavelengths, or colors, of light. Optical...

A laser with a gain medium consisting of an organic dye, which is carbon-based. The dye is mixed with a solvent, allowing...

Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...

Laser marking is a process in which a laser beam is used to mark or engrave a surface by altering its properties or...

Unlike the thermocouple or bolometer, the pyroelectric infrared detector is a current source with an output proportional to...

Mode hopping in the context of lasers refers to a phenomenon where a laser system abruptly switches from one longitudinal...

Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...

Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...

An etalon is an optical device that consists of two parallel reflecting surfaces separated by a precise and known distance....

A characteristic of laser output, calculated by dividing the speed of light by the linewidth of the laser beam. The temporal...

A spectroradiometer is a device used to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths across the electromagnetic...

Lasers based on neodymium-doped yttrium or gadolinium vanadate crystals. These include yttrium vanadate (Nd:YVO4),...

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) refers to a phenomenon in wave physics, particularly in optics, where waves, such as light or...

Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...

Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...

A photonic cavity, also known as an optical cavity, is a structure that confines electromagnetic radiation within a certain...

A spectroscopic technique in which an excitation band absorbs laser energy resulting in an electronic transition. The...

Optoacoustic, or photoacoustic, refers to a phenomenon and related techniques that involve the generation of acoustic waves...

An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...

Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...

Optical coatings are thin layers of materials applied to optical components, such as lenses, mirrors, filters, and prisms,...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The...

In optics, an octave typically refers to a range of frequencies or wavelengths that spans a factor of 2. In other words,...

Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...

A swept-source laser, also known as a wavelength-swept laser, is a type of laser that rapidly and continuously changes its...

Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner...

A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...

Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...

Laser surgery refers to a medical procedure in which a laser, or focused beam of light, is used as a precision tool to cut,...

1. In optics, the bending of rays away from each other. 2. In lasers, the spreading of a laser beam with increased distance...

A binary semiconductor compound used as a substrate or active layer for diode lasers.

Eye blink or head movement in response to bright light. Aversion responses such as blinking are sufficient protection from...

A diffraction grating is an optical component consisting of a surface with a periodic structure of equally spaced, parallel...

A distributed feedback laser (DFB laser) is a type of semiconductor laser diode designed to emit coherent, narrow-bandwidth...

A high-intensity source of incoherent white light in which a capacitor is discharged through a tube of xenon gas; often used...

A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....

A photometer that uses a wedge, marked to show its reduction of flux density, to make two light sources equal in intensity...

1. The variation in intensity of a light beam as it travels through the atmosphere. 2. In radiation physics, a light flash...

A form of laser output noise that is caused by thermal, mechanical, or acoustical disturbances of the cavity length. Mode...

The radiation emitted in semiconductors when electrons in the conduction band recombine with holes in the valence band. If...

In present usage, especially for spectroscopic identification, an arc between electrodes that serves as a radiation source....

An ultrafast pulsed laser is a type of laser that emits extremely short pulses of light with durations typically on the...

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

A form of photometric measurement, often used with light sources that are transparent or fluctuating, in which a...

In the context of optical materials, the term "impurity level" refers to the presence of foreign atoms or molecules within...

Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...

A method of measuring complex sequential photosynthetic reactions by varying the pulse time and wavelength of light...

Laser peening is a surface enhancement technique used to improve the mechanical properties of materials, particularly...

Medical lasers are devices that produce intense beams of light with specific characteristics and properties, which are used...

A colorimeter is a device used to measure and quantify the color characteristics of an object or a light source. It provides...

The use of lasers in tailoring of such components as thin-film resistors. The process improves speed and accuracy.

One of the first lasers to find practical application. Generally, the pumping mechanism is an electric discharge, although...

A confocal resonator, also known as a confocal cavity or confocal laser resonator, is a type of optical resonator...

Area in which laser operation occurs and therefore safety requirements are met and regulations are implemented. Lasers...

A Ti:sapphire laser is a type of solid-state laser that utilizes a titanium-doped sapphire crystal as the gain medium. The...

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...

Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...

That part of the science involved in the study of the theory and interpretation of spectra that uses the unique...

A YAG crystal refers to a solid-state crystal made of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), which is a synthetic crystalline...

The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...

The process of perforating a silicon or ceramic substrate with a series of tiny holes along which it will break. Nd:YAG or...

Light diffusion refers to the process by which light is scattered or spread out in various directions as it interacts with a...

A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...

A stroboscopelike apparatus that uses a copper vapor laser to illuminate an object for very short time periods (about 30 ns).

A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...

A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...

Sapphire crystal refers to a transparent, single-crystal form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) known as corundum. It is one of the...

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

A means of achieving higher peak powers and more efficient harmonic generation by narrowing the pulse width and thus...

A hologram in which the image of an object, or the object itself, is located near the hologram recording plane, for optimum...

A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...

A multiline laser system refers to a type of laser that is capable of emitting multiple discrete wavelengths or spectral...

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) is a semiconductor alloy composed of gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), and phosphorus (P). It...

The purest gas source of antimony, which is used in the manufacture of compound semiconductors for IR sensors and...

Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...

A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...

An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...

A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...