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294 terms

Photonics Dictionary: C

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chromosphere

A layer between the corona and the photosphere of the sun; its emission is overwhelmed by light emitted by the underlying, denser photosphere.

CID -> charge-injection device

A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a semiconductor material. Charge-coupled devices are a specific implementation of this...

CID camera

CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state image sensor technology. CID cameras are capable of capturing images in a...

CIE

Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, the international commission on illumination.

CIE

Commission Internationale de l' Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination)

CIE illuminant

Spectral power distribution representing a standard source of illumination, which may be real or hypothetical.

CIE source

Standard light source representative of the quality of specified natural or artificial illumination.

CIM

computer input from microfilm; computer-integrated manufacturing

cinemicrography

Cinematography performed with the use of a microscope to film the actions of microscopic specimens.

cineradiography

The photographic filming of the action of x-ray images recorded on a fluorescent screen by means of large lens apertures and highly sensitive filters.

cinetheodolite -> phototheodolite

A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure is made. The exact point indicated by the scale readings is shown by...

circle, aiming -> aiming circle

An instrument designed to measure angles in azimuth; used in general topographic work and military gunnery.

circular birefringence

The optical phenomenon in which right circularly polarized light transmitted by an active medium travels at a different velocity than that of left circularly polarized light.

circular dichroism spectroscopy

A type of spectroscopy used extensively in the analysis of biological samples. Because most biologically synthesized molecules, such as proteins, are optically active, circular dichroism spectroscopy...

circular dichroism

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric) molecules, particularly biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and certain...

circular variable filter

An optical interference coating, vacuum-deposited on a circular substrate, whose transmission characteristics may be varied by physical rotation.

cathodoluminescence

cladding

The low-refractive-index material that surrounds the core of an optical fiber to contain core light while protecting against surface contaminant scattering. In all-glass fibers, the cladding is...

cladding mode

A mode that is confined by virtue of a lower-index medium surrounding the cladding. Cladding modes, in the terminology of mode descriptors, are equivalent to cladding rays in the terminology of...

cleanroom

An area in which airborne particulates can be monitored and controlled so that given size particles do not exceed a specified concentration, thereby eliminating potential dysfunctions in gyroscopes,...

clear aperture

The limited light-gathering area of an optical system. The area is normally restricted to an edge or outer surface of an individual component. Also known as free aperture or objective aperture. The...

clearing

Also called shining. Grinding and polishing one surface of a blank to permit a more thorough examination for quality.

closed-circuit television system

A television system that does not broadcast television signals but transmits them over a closed circuit.

closed-loop adaptive single parameter

A closed-loop system that compensates for thermal blooming by optimizing only one parameter: the amplitude of the phase correction.

CLSM

confocal laser scanning microscope

CMOS

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

CMOS -> complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits, particularly semiconductor devices like microprocessors, memory chips, and image...

CMOS camera

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to capture digital images. CMOS cameras have become ubiquitous due to their low...

CMOS image sensor

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used to capture visual information and convert it into electrical signals for...

CMOS quantitative polymerase chain reaction system

This type of miniaturized system, referred to as CMOS qPCR, combines microfluidic technology with an ultralow-light CMOS bio-optical sensor with LEDs as the optical excitation source to achieve...

CMOS/SOS

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor/silicon on sapphire

CMP

chemical mechanical polishing

CoaXPress

CoaXPress (CoaXPress or CXP) is a standardized digital interface and communication protocol used primarily in machine vision and industrial imaging applications. It enables high-speed data...

cobalt glass

Glass that transmits near-ultraviolet radiation but is opaque in the visible region. Also known as woods glass.

COCOM

Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls

coelostat

A plane mirror mounted on a polar axis that lies parallel to the plane of the mirror. When the mirror is rotated once in 48 hours, celestial objects can be made to appear stationary and are...

coherence degree -> degree of coherence

A quantitative measurement of the coherence of a light source; equal to the visibility (V) of the fringes of a two-beam interference test: where Imax equals the intensity at a maximum of the...

coherent communications

A fiber optic communications system that works on the principles of homodyning or heterodyning. The transmitting laser produces an optical wave that is modulated in amplitude, phase or frequency by...

coherent fiber bundle

A coherent fiber bundle (CFB), also known as a coherent fiber optic bundle, is an assembly of multiple optical fibers arranged in a specific geometric pattern to maintain the spatial coherence of...

coherent Raman effect -> Raman effect

When light is transmitted through matter, part of the light is scattered in random directions. A small part of the scattered light has frequencies removed from the frequency of the incident beam by...

coincidence circuit

Electronic circuit capable of distinguishing the pulses emitted by separate counters in a given time phase and determining whether the pulses were emitted by the same particle or correspond to a...

coincidence prism

A compound prism consisting of an assembly of small prisms cemented together that is used in a coincidence rangefinder to transmit the images from the two objectives to a single eyepiece for viewing.

coincidence rangefinder

An optical instrument used to determine the distance to a target being viewed. Two similar optical systems view the target via 45° mirrors at the ends of a fixed baseline. One system creates the...

cold atom

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to nanokelvin (nK) range, close to absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15°C). At...

cold cathode

A cathode that emits electrons, not with the influence of heat radiation, but by means of a high-voltage gradient at its surface.

cold mirror

A mirror whose coating serves to reflect visible radiation while transmitting the infrared.

cold shield

That part of an infrared detector-Dewar assembly that limits the solid angle viewed by the sensor; it is maintained at a uniformly cold temperature so that no thermal energy is emitted. Also known as...

cold-light illumination

A means of illumination from which the infrared component has been removed by absorption or reflection filters within the condenser system.

collimating telescope -> collimator

An optical instrument consisting of a well- corrected objective lens or mirror with a light source and or object/image (i.e. illuminated slit or retical) at its focal plane. Collimators are used to...

collimator

Photonics DictionaryC