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96 terms

Photonics Dictionary

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picture element -> pixel

A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest controllable element of a digital image or display. It is a fundamental unit that represents a single point in a raster image, which is a grid of...

picture monitor

A kinescope used to survey the details of television video transmission.

picture tube

A term referring to the cathode-ray tube used in television receivers.

enhanced picture archiving and communication system display

Enhanced picture archiving and communication system (PACS) display (ePAD) is a software tool used in medical imaging to view, manipulate, and analyze radiological images, such as x-rays, CT scans,...

motion picture camera

A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures by a pulldown claw or sprocket. A rotating shutter serves to cut off the...

pixel

aeolight

A glow discharge lamp consisting of a cold cathode and a mixture of inert gases. The intensity of illumination varies with the applied signal voltage. This lamp was commonly used as a source of...

analytical photography

The use of photographs -- motion picture or still -- to establish if a particular event exists.

anamorphic

A term used to denote a difference in magnification along mutually perpendicular meridians. Anamorphic systems are basically image-distorting systems, such as those used in motion pictures, that...

anamorphoscope

A cylindrical convex viewing mirror used for viewing distorted pictures formed by photographing the reflections of the objects in a similar type of mirror.

APL

average picture level

APT

automatic picture transmission

black level

The level of the television picture signal that corresponds to the maximum limit of black peaks.

blink comparator

An optical system that rapidly alternates two similar pictures or scenes to permit the detection of small dissimilarities between them.

bracketing

In photography, the technique of taking multiple pictures of the same subject at different exposures to compensate for exposure miscalculations. Automatic bracketing is a feature on some cameras.

brightness control

The manual shifting bias control of a cathode-ray tube that determines both the average brightness and the contrast of a picture.

cathode-ray tube faceplate

A fiber optic end plate constructed by drawing a bundle of parallel fibers embedded in glass and cutting it into thin slices. These slices are assembled in a plane and heated to produce a...

center of perspective

That viewpoint at which the angular subtenses of points in the picture are identical to angular subtenses of the original points in the scene, at the camera lens.

chronophotograph

The continuous record containing the series of pictures formed by chronophotographic methods.

chronophotography

The photographic recording of an action by taking a series of still pictures at regular intervals throughout the action.

cine camera

A camera capable of making successive exposures on a continuous film driven by accurately spaced sprocket holes (a motion picture camera).

cinematography

The technique of making motion pictures.

cinetheodolite -> phototheodolite

A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure is made. The exact point indicated by the scale readings is shown by...

clinical photography

The application of photography, with the exception of radiography, to obtain pictures of parts or the whole of a patient to make a diagnosis.

coded aperture imaging

An imaging process in which the single opening of a simple pinhole camera is replaced with many openings called, collectively, the aperture. The recorded picture, which consists of many overlapping...

compressed digital video -> digital video compression

A step-by-step method of reducing the amount of data in a digital video signal to transmit or store a high-quality image. The digitized picture is analyzed, and fine detail and redundant pixels,...

constant variant enhancement

Technique that uses high-pass filtering to reduce the local average to zero for all regions of the picture and then applies a gain factor equal to the reciprocal of the local standard deviation to...

convergence

1. In optics, the bending of light rays toward each other, as by a convex or positive lens. 2. Turning in the eyes to view a near object. 3. In a television picture tube, the crossing of the...

convolutional neural network

A powerful and flexible machine-learning approach that can be used in machine vision to help solve difficult problems. Inspired by biological processes, multiple layers of neurons process portions of...

digital densitometry

Pictorial information processing in which the processed picture shows a family of equidensity lines or bands coded with different printed patterns or colors.

digital video compression

A step-by-step method of reducing the amount of data in a digital video signal to transmit or store a high-quality image. The digitized picture is analyzed, and fine detail and redundant pixels,...

direct scanning

A scanning technique in which the object is illuminated the entire time, and in which picture elements of the object are viewed singly by the television camera.

direct viewing

The observation of a reproduced television picture on the face of a cathode-ray tube.

effect filter

A color filter, generally used in photography, to emphasize certain color tones and to modify others in a picture for a more dramatic image. A blue effect filter, for example, darkens red and yellow,...

equidensitometry

1. The use of an electronic microdensitometer to measure points of equal density on a photographic deposit. 2. A technique that simplifies a picture's density pattern by making a single isodensity...

exciter lamp

A small incandescent lamp whose intense beam is focused on the optical soundtrack of a motion picture film. The soundtrack modulates the beam, which in turn is detected by a photocell that produces...

facsimile radio

The conversion of a still picture into sound waves and its subsequent transmission by radio.

facsimile

The reproduction of a picture or image, produced by scanning the image and converting it into electrical signals that carry the image to be reproduced. Also known as fax.

fax -> facsimile

The reproduction of a picture or image, produced by scanning the image and converting it into electrical signals that carry the image to be reproduced. Also known as fax.

field emission microscope

An image-forming instrument in which a strong electrostatic field causes cold emission of electrons from a sharply rounded point or from an object that is located on that point. The electrons are...

film weld

The butt (edge to edge) splice of two pieces of film produced by a heat splicer that melts the edges together; used in editing motion picture film.

flying spot scanner

A device used to scan, with a small, intensely bright spot, portions of a picture surface and to transform the original picture into a series of electrical signals. In optical character recognition,...

frame

1. To center an image or place it in any part of the television screen desired. Also applies to stills. 2. A single image of the connected multiple images on motion-picture film. 3. The size of the...

gamma

A numerical value representing the degree of contrast in a television picture: the exponent of the power law used to approximate the curve of output magnitude vs. input magnitude over the region of...

gyroscopic camera mount

A mount that uses a floating suspension and a motor-driven gyroscope to keep a motion picture or still camera at a set angle even though the camera is mounted in a place that subjects it to heavy...

high contrast

A term used to describe a photograph, film or television picture where the values for black and white areas are at or near their limits, thereby giving the maximum degree of difference between them.

HRPT

high-resolution picture transmission

image comparison

A method used in imaging to detect subtle differences between two apparently similar pictures. It can be achieved by superimposing the negative of one photograph over a contact print of another, by...

image dissector tube

An electron tube that is used as a camera tube for a television system. When the picture to be transmitted is focused on a photosensitive surface, electrons are emitted from each section of the...

image orthicon

A camera tube widely used in television broadcasting. It consists of three sections within a single vacuum envelope. 1. A photosensitive film sometimes called the photocathode. The scene to be...

Photonics Dictionary