A type of recording material, usually a photodielectric polymer, offering in situ development mechanisms because of its density storage capabilities, high diffraction efficiencies and excellent noise characteristics.

A calcium indicator is a molecule that is sensitive to changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations in biological systems....

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging...

A spectrophotometer that measures the amount of ozone in the atmosphere through a comparison of solar energy at two...

A photovoltaic cell usually sensitive to infrared radiation. It may have a copper base and a film of cuprous oxide. When it...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

A device for converting sunlight into electrical energy, consisting of a sandwich of P-type and N-type semiconducting...

A scanning technique in optical character recognition in which an array of photocells is used to scan each character to...

A device that detects radiation by utilizing the influence of light in forming an electrical signal. It may be a phototube;...

An instrument used to measure the temperature of a source through the use of photoelectric cells to detect and measure the...

A series of solar cells arranged to collect solar radiation and to generate a given amount of electrical energy.

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target...

The measurement of the spectrum bands formed by a spectroscopic sample, based on the differences between the sample and the...

A photoconductive cell that uses thallium oxysulfide as the light-sensitive medium.

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to measure and analyze the optical...

A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a...

Chalcogenide refers to a class of compounds containing elements from group 16 of the periodic table, which includes sulfur...

Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...

Brightfield refers to a type of microscopy and imaging technique in which the specimen is illuminated with a white light...

An isotope of cesium that emits negative beta particles and has a half-life of 2.19 years; its applications include...

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...

A photoemissive cell having an inert gas added to its envelope. Subsequent ionization of the gas increases the responsivity...

Holographic tomography is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and tomography to provide three-dimensional...

A mixture of ionized gas and metal vapor generated by impingement of the laser beam onto a material being welded or a weld...

A fast, wide-angle lens used in television and photographic cameras, with excellent overall correction, but subject to...

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the manipulation and control of very small fluid volumes, typically...

A telescope objective with excellent spherochromatic correction, consisting of a meniscus crown and a meniscus flint, both...

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

A spectroscopic technique used in the detection of free radicals by virtue of their electronic spectra. In this method, an...

Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of transparent and colorless...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

A photovoltaic cell designed so that light travels through the front electrode and a semiconductor before it comes to the...

Also cellulose acetate film. The emulsion layer applied to the substrate of a photographic surface. The emulsion layer is...

An extremely wide emission spectrum generated by the nonlinear effects created when a high peak power from a short-pulse...

A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...

A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...

An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...

A high-speed shutter, similar to a Kerr cell, that uses the birefringence produced in a liquid during the passage of an...

An OLED display that has an integrated electronic backplane as its substrate. Active-matrix OLED displays use at least two...

A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...

The transport of molecules in a cell which requires the use of a cell's internal energy. The energy used in the cell may be...

An instrument consisting essentially of a photoelectric cell filtered to respond to a specified wavelength region, an...

A flanged or plain ring with a restricted aperture, located in an optical system at any of several points, that cuts off...

The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...

A device for measuring absorption coefficients in which a confined, nonabsorbing gas fills the space inside the cell between...

Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...

An instrument for measuring the brightness (luminance) of a scene. It may be a spot meter, covering an area of a degree or...

A device used in ultrasonic imaging to measure the velocity and attenuation of compressional waves in a transparent liquid...

Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...

A device for automatic exposure control in which a motor-driven diaphragm adjusts the aperture in response to a signal from...

A hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, meaning they have a strong affinity for...

A device that uses nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between fused silica substrates to change the phase of polarized...

A photoemissive detector sensitive to wavelengths up to 1 µm. It has one sharp maximum of sensitivity at 350 nm and a...

Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...

Techniques used in biology to produce microradiographs of cells, tissues or small organisms.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

The light flash, produced in flash photolysis, that is triggered within a second discharge tube by the third electrode. It...

Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...

A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...

A disc contained within an electronic cell counter for regulating light transmission.

Used in halftone screens to change the fundamental sampled spatial frequency of the halftoned picture, as well as varying...

The process of lapping a thin edge of metal over the bevelled edge of a lens to maintain it within its cell.

Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word...

A photocell having an alloy junction formed by combining an indium disc with a thin wafer of N-type germanium.

A method of data multiplexing that can provide large, instantaneous bandwidths for busy traffic while permitting slow...

A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...

A photofluorescent compound that, when used with a scintillating substance, absorbs photons and emits related photons having...

In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...

A small incandescent lamp whose intense beam is focused on the optical soundtrack of a motion picture film. The soundtrack...

An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...

Pockels cell or dynamic optical retarder in which the electrical field is applied in a direction parallel to that of light...

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...

An advanced technique that allows the detection of one molecule within a crystal or a cell through optical excitation....

A photoconductive cell having greatest sensitivity in the infrared region. The photosensitive material of the cell is lead...

Two lenses, separated by a distance equal to the sum of their focal lengths, and retroreflecting mirror assemblies, one of...

A crystal often used for windows and refracting components in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared. Characteristically,...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...

A photodiode that has been designed so that the bar of semiconductor material has a PN junction perpendicular to its length...

Equipment that supports microscopic live-cell imaging by managing the gas, media perfusion, temperature and other factors to...

Gas detection measurement technique that uses a built-in capacitative microphone to calculate the amount of absorbed laser...

A group of solar cells that are electrically contacted and physically arranged so that they may be oriented in the direction...

A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

A type of flat panel display made up of a layer of gas between two glass plates. The glass is coated with parallel...

Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...

The angle between the most divergent rays that can pass through the lens to form an image. In a birefringent crystal light...

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, is an optical...

Nanoparticle photonic resonator absorption microscopy is a microscopy technique that combines the principles of photonic...

A multidimensional array of values that is commonly used in programming to describe a time series of image data. Each...

Spatial resolution refers to the level of detail or granularity in an image or a spatial dataset. It is a measure of the...

Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...

A device that uses a photoelectric cell to determine the level of oxygenation in the blood.

A phage, short for bacteriophage, is a type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. Phages are composed of...

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...

A solar cell that uses a thermoelectric converter, consisting of two sheets of metal with a semiconductor sandwiched between...

Micro-optical coherence tomography (micro-OCT) is an imaging technique that is an adaptation of optical coherence tomography...

A semiconductor device with the property of conducting current more easily in one direction than the other. It has two...

Two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) is a nonlinear optical method that allows imaging of biological cells and living...

Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...

A photoconductive cell consisting of a layer of selenium on a substrate whose electrical resistance varies with the...

Colorless crystals used in photoelectric cells and for photosensitive material in cathodes.

An OLED display that has an integrated electronic backplane as its substrate. Active-matrix OLED displays use at least two...

Also known as electronic photometer. A photometer with a photocell, phototransistor or phototube for measuring the intensity...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

A device consisting of a microammeter, a photovoltaic cell and a battery. It is used for the measurement of scene brightness...

Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that possess a cell envelope composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan...

A well plate, also known as a microplate or microtiter plate, is a flat plate with multiple small wells or depressions...

An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...

The use of a micromanipulator in combination with a microscope for the purposes of examining, dissecting, or the...

A photodetector in which an electrical charge is produced when incident photons change electrons within the detecting...

1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...

Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...

1. A single unit in a device for changing radiant energy to electrical energy or for controlling current flow in a circuit....

A powerful method, referred to as FCS, for determining the average diffusion coefficients of fluorescent molecules in...

A device used to measure the opening time of a shutter. The most common devices depend on the charging or discharging of an...

A thin-film photoconductive cell that is sensitive to the infrared region. The photosensitive material of the cell is...

A dye laser cell configuration in which the dye flows in the direction of the axis of the laser, yielding symmetrical energy...

The control of an instrument or electrical circuit by the current produced by varying radiation incident to a photoelectric...

Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...

Spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) is an optical microscopy technique that belongs to the category of quantitative...

A compound lens combination whose astigmatic difference is zero for one or more off-axis zones in the image plane. In such a...

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting antigens or haptens in cells of a tissue section by using labeled...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

In microscopy, the chamber that is contained on a microscope slide to hold a certain amount of fluid. It is calibrated...

A cell filled with a transparent material that, when placed in a strong electrical field, exhibits double refraction. Since...

Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...

A solid-state device, composed of silicon, that is used to convert radiation into electrical energy.

Fluorescence microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique used in biology, chemistry, and materials science to...

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

A microscope that uses a flying spot scanner, directed through the eyepiece, as a light source to determine the features of...

Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...

Also known as HCS, an analytical method designed to collect statistically relevant amounts of quantitative data on many...

An electronic display in which a flat screen is formed by an orthogonal array of display devices, such as electroluminescent...

A spectrophotometer in which the beam emitted by the radiation source is split into beams that travel through the sample and...

A device that provides means for accurately moving minuscule tools over the surface of a microscopic object. The motion...

Sapphire can refer to either a gemstone or a specific type of crystalline material commonly used in various industrial...

A technique used to store wavefront information on thin polarization information-recordable materials by controlling the...

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...

A document-transmitting process that uses a cylinder that rotates the document to be scanned and detected by a photoelectric...

A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...

The metal tube that maintains the optical components of a lens in proper relationship. Some lenses are mounted in metal...

Fluorescent proteins are proteins that exhibit the property of fluorescence, which is the ability to absorb light at a...

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...

A process by which a plastic cell is molded around a glass lens or lenses to create a mount, eliminating the metal barrel...

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...

Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...

A length that denotes the size of the unit cell in a crystal lattice. With respect to the cubic crystal, this is the length...

Phototheranostics, a portmanteau of "photo" (light), "therapy," and "diagnostics," refers to an emerging field that combines...

A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....

Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...

Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...

A still camera with a shutter capable of opening for a time as short as a fraction of a microsecond. An electronically...

A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...

A device containing an electro-optic crystal and using the Pockels effect. A voltage applied across the crystal generates...

A substrate refers to a material or surface upon which another material or process is applied or deposited. In various...

Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in...

A metabolite is any small molecule that is a product of metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within living...

In vitro is a Latin term that translates to "in glass." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and medicine, it...

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that leverages the...

A type of high-speed cine camera that uses different image paths and a Kerr cell to produce a series of successive images at...

Spectral flow cytometry is an advanced flow cytometry technique that expands the capabilities of traditional flow cytometry...

An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...

Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...

A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...

The light-sensitive cells on the retina of the eye that are responsible for low-resolution, peripheral vision.

A thermoplastic, self-extinguishing polymer with excellent high-temperature, low-creep and arc resistance properties.

Characteristic of dissimilar metals in thermoelectric solar cells whereby separate junctions exhibiting distinct...

Histochemical staining is a laboratory technique used in biology and medicine to visualize specific chemical components...

A well controlled thin films technique for growing films with good crystal structure in ultra high vacuum environments at...

Superresolution refers to the enhancement or improvement of the spatial resolution beyond the conventional limits imposed by...

An antigen is any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response in an organism. Antigens are typically proteins...

Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...

A biomarker, short for biological marker, refers to a measurable and quantifiable indicator of a biological condition,...

Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...

This results from the simultaneous absorption of two photons, each having half the energy needed for excitation and...

A photoconductive cell having cadmium sulfide as its photoconducting material for the production of a very high dark-light...

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...

Controlled beam technology that introduces beams of sunlight through holes in a roof that are relayed throughout the...

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...

A mechanical or electrical-electromagnetic device for periodically interrupting or blocking abeam of light for a brief known...

A phenomenon, exploited for medical imaging, in which the nuclei of material placed in a strong magnetic field will absorb...

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and digital image processing...

A device containing two photocells behind deep red and blue filters to measure color temperatures. The amplifier gain is...

Histology is the branch of biology and medicine that involves the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs...

In vivo is a Latin term that translates to "within the living." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and...

A screen composed of a sheet of diffusing plastic material that reveals excellent image detail for close viewing. It is...

Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...

A technique for measuring the concentration of any gases. Identical infrared beams are alternately chopped, one passing...

The part of an electrical circuit in which the electrons leave (a cathode-ray tube) or enter (an electrolytic cell) a unit...

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are ordinary cells that are genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like...

A nonlinear crystal used to modulate a polarized beam of light by means of the Pockels effect. A Pockels cell is used as a...

An instrument that uses a photocell to detect and measure the intensity of incident light.

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is an advanced optical imaging technique used in microscopy to enhance the...

Stimulating light used for the production of energy through photosynthesis, solar cell or other light senstitive device.

Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...

Whole slide imaging (WSI), also known as virtual slide microscopy or digital pathology, is a technology that involves the...

A Pockels cell in which electrical current is applied in a direction orthogonally to that of the light beam.

The term perovskite refers to a specific crystal structure commonly found in various materials. Perovskite structures have a...

A method of focusing an optical system by moving the front component (the lens closest to the subject) to change the...

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is an advanced imaging technique that provides information about the lifetime of...

Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...

The Golgi staining technique (also called the black reaction) makes it possible to look at the nervous system by rendering...

Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a mechanism describing the transfer of energy between two closely spaced...

A solar cell that is lightweight and flexible because of its construction by vacuum deposition of a semiconductor material...

The photographic recording of data, in binary form, for storage in memory. Exposure is achieved by a cathode-ray tube or by...

A photovoltaic device that consists of multiple p-n junctions to produce a greater efficiency when in use than that of...

Photocells of various kinds used to measure photometric quantities; i.e., intensity, luminance and illuminance. Meter...

A device that varies the amplitude and phase of a light beam; e.g., from a laser or by sound waves. Also known as a Bragg...

Process for growth of solar cells that results in rectangular shapes consisting of many interconnected cells in a series or...

A photoreceptor material used in solar cells and in drums for laser printers and high-speed copiers because of its high...

A measure of the optical path length for light traveling from the sun or other celestial source through Earth's atmosphere...

A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...

A photographic enlarger with a fixed negative plane and a fixed paper plane, often using a roll of paper that is advanced...

STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...

A device used to control or block a light beam by means of the Kerr electro-optical effect, and other electro-optic devices...

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...

An instrument used to measure the light from a scene to be photographed and to indicate the camera lens and shutter settings...

In optics, the Pockels effect refers to the phenomenon where the refractive index of a material changes in response to an...

Also known as RAMP microscopy, random access multiphoton microscopy is a microscopic technique that uses multiple...

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...

An electric cell having two electrodes of unlike metals immersed in a solution that chemically affects one or both of them,...

A moving group of fluid-suspended biological species directed through separate channels by which the population is isolated....

With respect to a unit cell in a crystal structure, the property defining an atom located at the center of each face.

A device used to count objects that pass a given point by allowing each object to obstruct a beam of light falling on a...

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

The holographic recording of a microscopic specimen whereby magnification is achieved by alteration in a wavelength or...

Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...

Gram-positive bacteria are a group of bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed primarily of a substance called...

A technique of using dyes during endoscopy to improve tissue differentiation. Dyes such as methylene blue, Toluidine blue...

A thermal radiation detector consisting of a small cell with a blackened plastic front face that bulges slightly when heat...

A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...

A measuring device that uses a light-sensitive cell or detector to determine the amount of light transmitted by a substance.

Three-photon microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that belongs to the family of multi-photon microscopy methods. It...