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EPA Dictionary Terms

dual laser
A gas laser equipped with Brewster windows and concave mirrors (having unlike reflective properties) at each end of the tube...
aberration
A departure from ideal paraxial imaging behavior. The distortion of an optical field wavefront as it is propagated through...
etalon
An etalon is an optical device that consists of two parallel reflecting surfaces separated by a precise and known distance....
zip-cord
A two-fiber optical cable containing two single-fiber cables that are connected by a strip of jacket and that can easily be...
optical combiner
An optical combiner, in the context of optics and display technologies, refers to a device or component that combines...
Smith-Baker microscope
A transmission interference microscope that produces interference patterns of a sample by using birefringent plates that...
matched filter
A filter that maximizes signal-to-noise ratio so that a waveform of known shape can be separated from random noise.
separate absorption and multiplication region avalanche photodiode
An avalanche photodiode in which the light-absorbing area is a low-bandgap material and the PN junction is placed in an area...
single-walled carbon nanotubes
Referred to as SWCNTs, these cylindrical nanostructures composed of a folded sheet of graphene can be used as near-infrared...
dichroic coating
A dichroic coating, also known as a dichroic filter or dichroic mirror, is an optical coating designed to selectively...
separation filters
Three filters used in making a color print of a color negative, red, green and blue-violet, respectively. Each filter...
galvo-directing mirrors
A system of mirrors that can be used to direct light from a single laser source into any one of a number of separate optical...
color facsimile transmission
The transmission of a color photograph by separating the colors into varying intensities of red, blue and green, and then...
advanced driver assistance systems
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) refers to a set of safety features and technologies designed to assist drivers in...
interlaced
Describing the standard television method of raster scanning in which the image is the product of two fields, each of which...
laser optics
Laser optics refers to a broad category of optical components and systems designed for manipulating and controlling laser...
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
enhanced picture archiving and communication system display
Enhanced picture archiving and communication system (PACS) display (ePAD) is a software tool used in medical imaging to...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
asynchronous transmission
A mode of data transmission whereby each bit of information is generated separately, with some stop/start code to indicate...
nanoimprint lithography
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...
wedge ring detector
A diffraction pattern sampling unit composed of a 32-element monolithic silicon photodiode array and a readout unit. The...
destructive interference
The interaction of superimposed light from two separate sources that results in a combined intensity that is less than the...
exciton
An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...
prism binoculars
A pair of telescopes with prismatically erected images, mounted side by side with the eyepieces at the interocular distance...
stereoplotting
The imaging of two photographs of a stereo pair, in complementary colors, for the preparation of contour maps.
phase separation
 sun-tracking concentrator
Controlled beam technology that introduces beams of sunlight through holes in a roof that are relayed throughout the...
Newton's rings
The series of rings or bands formed when light beams reflected from two polished, adjacent surfaces, placed together with a...
pulsed sandwich holography
Separation of incident laser pulses by several seconds so holographic plates can be changed and sandwiched between the...
color scanner
An instrument that uses a beam of light to scan a color transparency, and three differently filtered photosensors to record...
trepanner
A tool used in cutting circular holes around a center. Also, a laser cutter in which the beam moves in relation to the cut...
photochromatic interval
The discrepancy between the absolute luminance threshold and the photochromatic threshold.
prelasing
When uncontrolled laser energy leaks from a laser cavity prematurely, it causes serious damage to optical components and...
mass spectroscope
An instrument that uses electromagnetic fields to sort out the relative masses of atoms and molecules.The same way an...
surface error
The departure of an optical surface from its required tolerance or figure.
laser-induced cut and patch
A process used in the design, repair and customization of integrated circuits. A low-power laser etches a silicon wafer...
discrete
An individual circuit component, complete in itself, such as a resistor, diode, capacitor or transistor. It is used as an...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
calutron
An electromagnetic device used to separate isotopes of elements based on their respective masses.
kinematics
That portion of physics concerned with motion in the abstract, such as of points or space figures, and separated from its...
polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...
stereomicrography
Technique that provides two stereographic views of an object that are larger than the object itself, by means of mutually...
superradiance
Directional and coherent radiation pulses that result from an ensemble of coherently prepared states in an optical medium.
fiber-coupled LED
A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...
nodal testing
The measurement of first- and higher order properties of a lens and its formed image, including effective focal length, back...
holographic grating
A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...
integrated circuit
Multiple, interconnected circuit elements, contained on or in a common substrate, that function as a unit and not separately.
slab interferometry
The method for measuring the index profile of an optical fiber by preparing a thin sample that has its faces perpendicular...
photometric cube
A prism used in a photometer for the adjacent comparison of separate luminance.
minimum separable
The least space between two parallel lines that can be discriminated as a gap to the human eye. It is measured in terms of...
fractional photothermolysis
A laser skin-resurfacing method that creates microscopic thermal wounds referred to as microscopic treatment zones (MTZs),...
Michelson stellar interferometer
An interferometer constructed to be positioned on a telescope to measure the angular separation of the components of double...
optical glass
Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...
first-order spectrum
The separate spectral lines formed by a diffraction grating that are characterized by one wavelength difference in path...
lab-on-a-chip
A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a miniaturized device that integrates various laboratory functions and capabilities onto a single,...
diplexer
A coupling unit that enables more than one transmitter to operate at the same time or separately on the same antenna.
double vision
A defect of a binocular instrument causing two images to be seen separately instead of being fused. It is caused when the...
indent
A flaw deliberately introduced into an optical fiber to prepare it for cleaving.
demultiplexing
Separating two or more signals that have been combined into one signal.
technicolor
The color process that is used to form positive color cine films by dye transfer or imbibition, based on the use of separate...
comb filter
A filter that passes a series of wavelength regions that are at equal distances from one another, such that its output...
birefringence
Birefringence is an optical property of certain materials that causes them to exhibit different refractive indices for light...
fiber-based confocal luminescence microscope
A microscope in which laser light is delivered through single-mode fibers that replace the pinhole usually used in confocal...
long-pass filter
A long-pass filter is an optical filter that allows longer wavelengths of light to pass through while blocking or...
carrier injection
Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...
umbilical
A connection, typically made up of one or more cables, between a laser head and a separate power supply. Flexible pipes or...
mode-locked lasers
Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...
mass spectrograph
A device that uses electromagnetic fields to separate electrically charged particles according to their masses. As a beam of...
stereo camera
A camera with two taking lenses and synchronized shutters. Two images are recorded simultaneously on separate frames,...
compound lens
A lens composed of two or more separate elements of optical glass that may or may not be cemented together. The surfaces of...
hydrophobic
Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word...
printer
A photographic enlarger with a fixed negative plane and a fixed paper plane, often using a roll of paper that is advanced...
Rayleigh interferometer
A device that is used to determine the index of refraction of a gas or liquid through the interference patterns formed by...
beamsplitter
A beamsplitter is an optical device for dividing a beam into two or more separate beams. A simple beamsplitter may be a very...
Photoelastic equipment and supplies
Photoelastic equipment and supplies refer to instruments and materials used in photoelasticity, a technique used to analyze...
double-beam CRT
A cathode-ray tube that either splits an electron beam from one source or uses beams from two sources to produce two beams,...
mode beating
In optics, "mode beating" refers to an interference phenomenon that can occur in laser systems with multiple longitudinal...
qubit
A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing and quantum information...
Nomarski microscopy
Also referred to as differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy; Nomarski microscopy is a unique form of microscopy...
histology
Histology is the branch of biology and medicine that involves the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs...
Taylor criterion
States that in interferometers in which the separation of the maxima is equal to the half-value width, a slight drop in...
space-division multiplex
In fiber optics, the condition in which each fiber of a bundle carries a separate channel.
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...
acutance
In photography, the density gradient across an edge separating light from darkness, a physically measurable quantity that...
dye transfer method
The subtractive imbibing process of transferring color prints on paper whereby the dyes from three separately prepared...
light dispersion
The process whereby white light is separated into its component wavelengths. Light beams of different wavelengths are...
virtual histology
Virtual histology refers to the use of digital technology and computational methods to simulate or recreate histological...
Huygenian eyepiece
An ocular having two planoconvex lenses that are formed from similar glass and that are separated by a space equal to half...
quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where two or more particles become correlated to such an extent...
diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a nondestructive analytical technique used to investigate the optical properties...
duplet lens system
An optical system having two sets of components separated by an air space, while successive lenses in each set are cemented...
stereoscope
A small instrument containing a picture support and a pair of magnifying lenses so arranged that the left eye sees only the...
image processor
A device embodying a microprocessor that converts an image to digital form and then further enhances the image to prepare it...
well plate
A well plate, also known as a microplate or microtiter plate, is a flat plate with multiple small wells or depressions...
frequency shift keying
In digital data transmission, the separation of the two binary states into output at two frequencies.
reflection grating
A reflection grating is an optical component that consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel reflecting surfaces or...
organic light-emitting diode
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) technology that utilizes organic compounds to...
binocular parallax
The difference in angular bearing of an object as seen by the two eyes, due to the separation of the visual optical axes.
refractive index structure function
The mean square difference in refractive index for two separate points in space.
concave grating
A reflecting grating ruled on a concave spherical surface that not only disperses the light but focuses the spectrum. The...
phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...
freeform optics
Freeform optics refers to the design and fabrication of optical surfaces that do not follow traditional symmetric shapes,...
Rayleigh criterion of resolving power
When a lens system with a circular aperture is free of aberrations, the image of a point object will appear as a disc of...
mixed crystal
A homogeneous solid solution with crystal lattice sites occupied, at random, by the molecules or ions of two or more...
monochromator
A monochromator is an optical instrument used to isolate and select a narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of...
superchromatic correction
Correction of an optical system at four separate wavelengths. This correction, longitudinal and lateral, is possible with...
photodarlington
A Darlington current amplifier consisting of two separate transistors, of which a phototransistor is the input device.
guided wave
A wave in which energy is focused near a boundary separating materials having different properties. Propagation of the wave...
grating
A framework or latticework having an even arrangement of rods, or any other long narrow objects with interstices between...
achromatic prism
Cemented prisms of differing refractive indices which refract incident light and, due to differing refractive indices, will...
plasmon ion-assisted deposition
Plasmon ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) is a technique used in thin-film deposition processes, particularly in the production...
parity
In data transmission, a self-checking code using a separate bit (the parity bit) to assure that all bytes of transmitted...
transmission electron microscope
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a powerful microscopy technique that uses a beam of electrons to create...
hyperchromic shift
Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...
fiber optic spectrometer
A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...
double-pulsed holography
Holographic recording whereby the object is illuminated by two pulses, separated by a time interval, from a Q-switched laser...
laser cell sorting
A moving group of fluid-suspended biological species directed through separate channels by which the population is isolated....
spatially coherent radiation
The correlation of radiation between the phases of monochromatic radiation emanating from two separate points.
multileg lightguide
A fiber optic bundle split along its length with the ends of the fibers extending separately to illuminate different points...
Billet's split lens
An experimental lens used to produce interference fringes. A positive lens is cut into halves along its center, and the...
quantum sensing
Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...
retroreflecting multipass cell
Two lenses, separated by a distance equal to the sum of their focal lengths, and retroreflecting mirror assemblies, one of...
moiré deflectometry
An optical interference technique widely utilized as a method of nondestructive testing when determining the ray deflection...
star testing
The visual examination by a trained observer of the image of a point source. Any coloring or departure from the Airy disc...
Rowland mounting
The mounting of a concave diffraction grating and a plate holder at the ends of a rigid bar. The ends follow separate...
coherence length
That length over which energy in two separate waves remains constant. With respect to a laser, the greatest distance between...
fiber optic cleaver
A device used to prepare optical fiber end faces; a scribe line made by the cleaver's blade propagates across the fiber,...
Glan-Foucault prism
A type of birefringent polarizing prism that transmits the extraordinary ray and removes the ordinary ray through total...
extensometer
1. A strainmeter capable of measuring the change in the relationship between two reference points, provided that the points...
laser-mediated gene transfer
Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...
Fabry-Perot laser
A laser oscillator in which two mirrors are separated by an amplifying medium with an inverted population, making a...
achromat
An achromat, in the context of optics, refers to a type of lens or lens system designed to reduce chromatic aberration....
segmentation
In optical character recognition, the method of dividing a string of characters into separate, distinct characters.
lenticular stereo photography
A type of stereoscopic photography in which a pair of lenses focuses a pair of images, relative to the positions of the two...
lithography
Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...
coincidence circuit
Electronic circuit capable of distinguishing the pulses emitted by separate counters in a given time phase and determining...
Gaussian optics
1. That branch of optics that illustrates the theory in which q is substituted for sin q in Snell's law. Effective results...
definition test object
A chart, either printed on paper or prepared photographically on glass plates or film, that consists of 3-bar resolution...
masks for evaporation/deposition
In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...
ablation threshold
The minimum energy required to induce atomic and molecular separation or displacement due to incident intense laser...
evaporagraph
A sensor generally used for infrared imaging. It consists of two chambers separated by a thin, blackened membrane. An...
microscopy
Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...
twisted nematic phase
A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...
spatially offset Raman spectroscopy
Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique that extends traditional Raman spectroscopy by incorporating...
image isocon
A television camera tube that preceded the development of the vidicon tube and incorporated a method to separate reflected...
curvature
The measure of departure from a flat surface, as applied to lenses; the reciprocal of radius. Applies to any surface,...
frames per second
The number of separate images exposed by a cine camera in a second or the number illuminated by a cine projector in a...
multicolor hologram
A hologram formed by reconstruction of multicolor wavefronts. The system used to produce the hologram is designed to combine...
carbon arc
An electric discharge between two carbon rods that are touched together to start the arc and then separated slightly. The...
reflectance confocal microscopy
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging...
aspheric lens
An aspheric lens is a type of lens whose surface profiles deviate from the traditional spherical shape. Unlike spherical...
microtome
A device used for slicing very thin specimens in preparation for mounting on a microscope slide.
step-and-repeat camera
A type of camera that has scales or other arrangements by which successive exposures can be lined up and equally spaced on a...
Seebeck effect
Characteristic of dissimilar metals in thermoelectric solar cells whereby separate junctions exhibiting distinct...
astigmatism
A lens aberration that results in the tangential and sagittal image planes being separated axially.
chromatography
The chemical method of separating compounds dissolved in one phase (usually mobile) through its equilibration with a second...
quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of secure communication that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to...
resolution target
A chart on paper or glass containing a series of sets of lines at progressively smaller spacing and used to ascertain the...
hydrogel
A hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, meaning they have a strong affinity for...
dip
The departure of a curved surface from the plane that is tangent to its vertex. See sag.
mutual coherent function
A function that quantifies the performance degradation of coherent communications systems, imaging systems and all systems...
photoelectric counter
A device used to count objects that pass a given point by allowing each object to obstruct a beam of light falling on a...
microphonic noise
Output noise in a laser beam resulting from acoustic disturbances of mirror separation or orientation. Such disturbances may...
figure tolerance
The allowable departure from the given figure or geometrical form. It may be described in terms of fringes or wavelengths.
cleavage planes
Naturally occurring planes in crystalline substances that provide easy points for separation.
isolator
In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...
dispersion
Dispersion refers to the phenomenon where different wavelengths (colors) of light travel at different speeds when passing...
trichroism
The characteristic of displaying three colors when observed in as many separate directions.
cascade tube
An instrument consisting of a high-voltage vacuum tube used to form hard x-rays or high-speed ion beams. By partitioning the...
optogenetics
A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...
limiting angle of resolution
The angle subtended by two points or lines that are just far enough apart to be distinguished as separate. The ability of an...
laser isotope separation
A process of isolation of various atom vapor ions by means of tuning a laser source. For example, laser enrichment is...
attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy
Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry to obtain IR spectra of samples....
chromatic resolving power
The ability of the instrument to separate wavelengths that are close together, numerically equal to the ratio of the shorter...
color holography
The recording of three or more separate holograms having a different color on a medium, so that illumination with a tricolor...
capacitor
A device that accumulates and stores electrical energy to introduce capacitance into a circuit. Basically, it is composed of...
stereomicroscopy
The use of a specialized optical microscope designed to provide a more three-dimensional view of a sample. Stereomicroscopy...
Er:YAG laser
An Er:YAG laser is a type of solid-state laser that uses a crystal made of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet...
Bragg grating
A filter that separates light into many colors via Bragg's law. Generally refers to a fiber Bragg grating used in optical...
dichroic mirror
A dichroic mirror, also known as a dichroic beamsplitter or interference filter beamsplitter, is an optical device that...
multiband camera
A group of four cameras loaded with different combinations of filters and film (one is usually an infrared color film) to...
visual binaries
A pair of stars (double star) that can be seen separately with a telescope, generally by setting a filar micrometer for the...
resolving power
A measure of an optical system's ability to produce an image which separates two points or parallel lines on the object. See...
quantum well
A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...
multiple-beam laser
A laser having a Q-switching method that allows separate parallel volumes of the lasing material to act independently of...
FTIR spectrometer
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
breakout cable
A breakout cable, also known as a fan-out cable or breakout assembly, is a type of cable that combines multiple individual...
binocular magnifier
A device having a pair of decentered lenses, one for each eye, that focuses on a single object as a magnifier. It is often...
split field
The field of view seen through some types of coincidence rangefinders. It is formed by the juxtaposition of opposite halves...
inertial confinement fusion
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...
resolution
1. In optics, the ability of a lens system to reproduce the points, lines and surfaces in an object as separate entities in...
spectral flow cytometry
Spectral flow cytometry is an advanced flow cytometry technique that expands the capabilities of traditional flow cytometry...
interpupillary distance
The separation between the exit pupils of a binocular instrument. This usually is adjustable so that it can be set equal to...
lattice energy
With respect to the crystal, the decrease in energy that follows the process whereby the ions, separated from each other by...
dual-wavelength spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry in which radiation of two separate wavelengths, usually one in an absorption band and the other not, pass...
flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...
chemical vapor deposition equipment
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...
MSM photodiode
A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...
petrographic specimen preparation
The grinding and polishing of rock samples, to a thickness of less than 0.05 mm, for study with petrographic microscopes....
simultaneous dual field of view
A passive infrared system that uses two line-of-sight telescopes to generate both narrow and wide field-of-view images of...
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an optical device used to measure the phase difference between two collimated beams of...
optical grating
An optical grating, in the context of optics and physics, refers to a device with a periodic structure of closely spaced,...
double refraction
The separation of unpolarized light into two plane-polarized elements by a doubly refracting crystal. When a crystal, such...
discrete spectrum
A spectrum of component wavelengths whose values are separate from each other.

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