The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) through a series of temperature-controlled cycles. PCR enables the exponential amplification of a...

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a method of achieving nuclear fusion, a process where two atomic nuclei combine to...

A subtractive colorimeter that expresses a liquid's or object's color as a combination of three colors. These colors are...

A lens blank is a piece of optical material in a raw, unfinished state, typically in the form of a disk or block, from which...

Histochemical staining is a laboratory technique used in biology and medicine to visualize specific chemical components...

Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...

Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry, is a chemical manufacturing process where reactions take place in a...

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...

An optical system that is designed to produce a high temperature in a specified area by the optical direction and...

CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...

Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the...

In image processing and elsewhere, generally an adjective to describe an assembly-line arrangement for performing a task....

Laser peening is a surface enhancement technique used to improve the mechanical properties of materials, particularly...

Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that belongs to the powder bed...

Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...

In a cathode-ray tube, the region wherein a display on the tube keeps 70 percent or more of its luminance at the center of...

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...

Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...

A method used in facsimile scanning that sweeps the elemental area across the copy in a spiral motion as the result of the...

Swept-source optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...

Transparencies that represent progressive steps in the amount of transmitted radiation for administering predetermined...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) is a technique used in the fabrication of optical fibers. It is a specialized form...

Rockwell hardness (Rc) refers to a method for measuring the hardness of a material, primarily metals, using an indentation...

In physics, the law of reversibility is often associated with the concept of reversibility in thermodynamics. The law...

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...

A mirror blank refers to the initial piece of material from which a mirror is made. It is typically a flat or slightly...

A collection of color samples arranged in charts according to equal visually spaced steps in Munsell hue, value and chroma.

Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...

An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and digital image processing...

In sensitometric testing, a series of areas progressing by equal density steps (usually the increments between steps are...

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the manipulation and control of very small fluid volumes, typically...

A precisely defined series of steps that describes how a computer performs a task.

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that is used to convert printed or handwritten text into...

A computer-generated hologram (CGH) is a holographic image produced using computational methods and algorithms, rather than...

Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses laser energy to break down or fragment stones in various parts of the...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and measure the presence of specific...

In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect changes in blood volume in tissues. It...

Holographic tomography is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and tomography to provide three-dimensional...

A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...

Chirped pulse amplification (CPA) is a technique used in laser physics to amplify ultrashort laser pulses to high energies...

A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...

Ray tracing is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to simulate the way light interacts with objects in a scene....

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...

Excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) refers to a medical procedure used in the treatment of coronary artery disease....