A measure of the total light passed by a shutter during an exposure, compared with the light that could be passed by an idealized, infinitely fast shutter fully open for the same extreme time.

An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...

The electron stream emitted by a phototube when the cathode is exposed to light.

Medical diagnostic (x-ray) imaging using laser printers to produce high-resolution digital hard copy instead of film exposed...

The maximum level of laser radiation that a person may be exposed to without adverse biological effects.

A ghost image that has the reverse lightness relations of the original image. This phenomenon is a common optical illusion...

A camera designed to record at rates exceeding 50 fps. For frame rates up to about 500 fps, an ordinary pull-down mechanism...

An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...

Solar radiation intensity existing in free space at the mean solar distance of the Earth. Commonly expressed in g cal...

A term referring to the pre-exposed hologram of the subject used in holographic interferometry.

The desensitization of the first photographic exposure after it has been subjected to high-intensity radiation.

A sapphire window refers to a transparent optical component made from sapphire crystal. Sapphire is a single-crystal form of...

The formation of an interferogram by means of two holograms on the same recording medium, often used for determining small...

An exposure meter that indicates the amount of light reflected from the subject of interest.

A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...

Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...

An atomic clock is a highly precise timekeeping device that uses the vibrations or oscillations of atoms as a reference for...

Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...

Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...

Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...

Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...

A hologram formed by reconstruction of multicolor wavefronts. The system used to produce the hologram is designed to combine...

A numerical value representing the degree of contrast in a television picture: the exponent of the power law used to...

Deep ultraviolet (DUV or deep-UV) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet light with shorter wavelengths than those in the...

In laser damage testing, the exposure of many sites of a sample to different intensities of laser irradiation to discover...

A type of camera that has scales or other arrangements by which successive exposures can be lined up and equally spaced on a...

In optics, the total radiant energy incident on a surface-per-unit area. It is equal to the integral over time of the...

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...

A device for automatic exposure control in which a motor-driven diaphragm adjusts the aperture in response to a signal from...

A fluorescent screen refers to a phosphorescent or fluorescent-coated surface that emits visible light when exposed to other...

A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....

A camera system used for microphotography that has a structure, such as a cylinder or surveyor belt, to rotate the documents...

With respect to photography, the change in the density-exposure relations, for small details of the photographic image, that...

A device used to detect and measure the quantity of exposure to nuclear or x-ray radiation, and dependent on the fact that...

An instrument that uses a beam of light to scan a color transparency, and three differently filtered photosensors to record...

The underexposed collodion that is present on a glass negative as a positive when backed with material.

1. The reduction in the developable density of a photographic emulsion that has been extremely overexposed. 2. In a laser...

A solid-state panel of the photoconductor-electroluminescent type. The photoconductive layer, sensitive to x-rays, is coated...

The process, used with a positive photoresist, in which the photoresist is immersed in developing chemicals while being...

A type of additive color photography using a lenticular structure impressed on a film base and a camera lens with a filter...

Waves that propagate along the interface between two different media without radiation with exponentially decaying...

The luminescence displayed when particular minerals are irradiated with β-rays and g-rays, after being exposed to...

The production of an image on a magnetic film that is exposed to infrared radiation and heated to a point above Curie...

The reversal of a developed image due to the exposure of the partially developed image to actinic light.

A photodetector composed of a photoconductive material that, when exposed to radiation, conducts without the aid of added...

An interferometric technique for the generation of precision gratings that allows for sequential exposure of small segments...

The absorption spectrum of an element influenced by a magnetic field in the same direction as the transmitted light, which...

For a laser, the maximum exposure time that the laser design allows; 0.25 seconds for a Class 2 laser.

Low-insertion-loss fiber coupler fabricated from a sheet of light-sensitive material laminated onto a fused quartz substrate...

After putting a thick photographic emulsion on a front-faced mirror, and exposing the emulsion to monochromatic incident...

A material used in photodynamic therapy that is retained selectively by tumor tissue when injected into the body; it then...

A material in which the refractive index varies according to changes in the light to which it is exposed. Lithium niobate is...

Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...

In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...

A camera capable of making successive exposures on a continuous film driven by accurately spaced sprocket holes (a motion...

A device consisting of a microammeter, a photovoltaic cell and a battery. It is used for the measurement of scene brightness...

A short term for latent image intensification, a process much like hypersensitizing in photography, but used after exposure...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

Multiple exposures of holograms, one for each position of a vibrating image, that are used for vibration analysis and that...

In optics, a collapsible structure situated between the lens and film of a camera to allow variation of the distance between...

A sensitometer that utilizes an electronic flashtube or a photoflash lamp as both the light source and the shutter for...

An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...

A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...

A method of optical fiber coupling in which the fibers are ground down to expose their cores and placed together to allow...

Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...

Transmittance of a solution, or internal transmittance of a transparent solid, is an exponential function of the thickness...

A mechanical or electronic device used to control the amount of time that a light-sensitive material is exposed to radiation.

In optics and photolithography, a phase mask refers to a device that modifies the phase of light waves passing through it....

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...

A shutter in which the opening and closing times for a large aperture setting occupy a substantial fraction of the total...

A plotted relation between Log E (logarithm to base 10 of exposure in metercandle seconds) and density (logarithm to base 10...

Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...

A computer-generated, phase-and-amplitude, off-axis hologram made by a multi-exposure technique that uses three computer...

The use of photographic emulsions to detect and determine the amounts of ionizing radiation, such as x-rays and gamma rays,...

Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm (VIS to NIR) are focused onto the retina by the cornea. Because the retina is sensitive...

Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...

The conversion of an internal latent image into a surface latent image through exposure to infrared radiation. The converse...

A test used to measure the degree of fading of different colored materials, especially those involving organic dyes, which...

The decrease in effect in developable density on a photographic plate formed by a second exposure to radiation having a...

X-rays emitted by a substance that formerly has been exposed to x-rays. The properties of the substance determine the...

The fundamental tool of microdensitometry, the microdensitometer is an instrument used for the precise measurement of...

A process in which a mixture of one or more monomers, plus a catalyst, polymerize under exposure to light radiation....

A closed vessel with electrodes of different potentials that is used to determine how much ionization took place in a gas...

A photoconductor that demonstrates increased conductivity during its exposure to infrared radiation.

A camera that uses a rotating mirror to project sequential images onto lenses that are arranged in an arc. The reflected...

Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...

1. A strainmeter capable of measuring the change in the relationship between two reference points, provided that the points...

Also known as integrated exposure. A measurement of light from sources that vary rapidly with time, defined as the integral...

A photographic enlarger with a fixed negative plane and a fixed paper plane, often using a roll of paper that is advanced...

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...

A hologram formed when the light of the illuminating beam is absorbed in correspondence with the recording exposure. In...

A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures...

Glass that has been specially treated so that it will not shatter when exposed to high temperatures followed by immediate...

A type of high-speed photographic shutter that uses Faraday rotation to produce exposure times as fast as 1 microsecond. It...

A light-sensitive detector having a chemical compound that reacts when exposed to light. It is used in photochemistry and...

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

A modified form of an image-retaining panel that can be used in subdued daylight. This is achieved by adding a layer of zinc...

A chemical solution that changes the silver salts (latent image) of exposed photographic film into black metallic silver...

An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...

The improper exposure of a radiation-sensitive medium that results when there is too much radiation exposing the medium, or...

A holographic plate coated by photopolymeric mixtures that are composed of one or more monomers and a photoredox catalyst...

Transmittance of a stable solution is an exponential function of the concentration of the absorbing solute.

A coating having pigments that change color when exposed to heat. This effect has been widely used to monitor hot spots in...

Calculates the exponential growth of the least stable spatial frequency in a laser beam, and is the numerical equivalent of...

A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...

The length of time during which the receiver is irradiated.

The necessary increase of a photograph's exposure time as the result of the additional absorption of light by the filter...

A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...

The photographic recording of data, in binary form, for storage in memory. Exposure is achieved by a cathode-ray tube or by...

The simultaneous exposure of two holographic plates with emulsions facing the object. After deformation, a second pair of...

Localized redness of skin due to congestion of capillaries; a common result of overexposure to laser radiation.

The pattern of physical or chemical changes that has taken place in a photographic emulsion, by its exposure to light, that...

The maximum circular area over which radiance and radiant exposure can be averaged.

A filter, partially opaque to near-ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation, that may be made by exposing and processing...

The calculated normal distance from a photon source at which harmful interaction with the incident light will occur....

Extended period exposure photographs of a laser light created with various patterns within full image (laser graffiti).

A mechanism in a camera designed to position the film in the focal plane for exposure.

Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...

A spectrophotometer that measures the amount of ozone in the atmosphere through a comparison of solar energy at two...

The decay of an electrostatic charge image resulting from long exposure to the dark.

A camera used to reduce originals onto film for easy storage. There are two basic types: one in which the film is fixed...

An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...

A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in...

Interaction of a magnetic field with a photoconductive substance exposed to light to create a potential difference.

Equipment that supports microscopic live-cell imaging by managing the gas, media perfusion, temperature and other factors to...

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

An exposure meter designed to measure the light striking an object and used at a suitable location in a scene.

An instrument that uses a blackened silver-disc reflector with a shutter to create temperature fluctuations that are...

A graph used in photography to portray the increase of a film's density as its time of exposure increases.

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

A shutter having one or more roller blinds of material with a variable slit that moves across the back of the camera when...

Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...

A telescopic light-sensing meter used to measure illumination levels of small regions at a distance of many feet; it is used...

A hologram that is formed on a recording medium by changing the phase of the illuminating wave in correspondence with the...

The series of images formed when periodic objects are exposed to collimated monochromatic radiation and that result from...

The current that flows through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.

The visual perception of motion when fixed stimuli are exposed in rapid temporal and spatial succession.

Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...

A material used as a protective layer on an aluminized or silvered mirror. It is evaporated on the mirror as a thin layer,...

A photocathode that exhibits maximum sensitivity in the blue and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. The sensitivity is...

A test chamber designed to expose the subject being tested to external conditions, such as heat, shock, pressure and...

Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...

Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...

The luminescence of a substance resulting from its exposure to ultrasonic waves.

A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...

The intensification of a latent image, because of exposure to light to which the emulsion is otherwise insensitive.

That property of a substance that determines that there will be a decrease in conductivity when exposed to light radiation.

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

A camera that uses multiple exposures to record the trajectory of an ordnance from a ground-level position.

A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...

The use of chemicals or radiation to induce a desired change in a substance; e.g., some optical adhesives are set by...

With respect to photography, the law stating that the optical density of an exposed emulsion with standard development is a...

Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...

An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...

A technique used in radiography to obtain an unblurred image of a moving object by the use of very short x-ray exposures,...

A cine camera that exposes a series of individual frames to record the changes in a subject that slowly alters with time....

A lithography method that allows the transfer of fine-pitch gratings from a phase mask into photoresist. The exposure takes...

The integral of the radiance over exposure time.

With respect to photography, the process used to increase the effective speed of an emulsion between manufacture and...

A measure of the closeness with which an optical image is capable of resembling the original object. The factors that affect...

The combination of the organic dye in a stained specimen and the antibodies produced that is detected by exposure to light.

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

A technique for obtaining improved resolution of images produced by large telescopes and distorted by the effects of...

The sensitivity of a photographic emulsion when exposed to light, provided that the film is developed through a standard...

Separation of incident laser pulses by several seconds so holographic plates can be changed and sandwiched between the...

A camera, with a rotating prism, that is capable of forming multiple exposures on a constantly moving strip of film.

High dynamic range (HDR) refers to a technology that allows for a broader and more dynamic range of luminosity in visual...

Primarily the measurement of photographic sensitivity of certain materials such as photographic film. It refers to the...

The measurement of the responsivity of photographic media and of the relations between exposure and density of developed...

An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...

The number of separate images exposed by a cine camera in a second or the number illuminated by a cine projector in a...

Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...

The product of exposure time and irradiance or illuminance.

Measure of a detector's signal during exposure to radiation of a constant power level and varying wavelength.

Any device that is used to sense and measure light. See exposure meter; photoelectric exposure meter; photoelectric...

The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

A type of photometer calibrated in luminance units (candles per square unit, or lamberts). In photography an exposure meter...

A measure of film speed sensitivity to light.

A process used in pyrometry and photothermometry to create a photographic record of a surface's temperature gradients....

A type of exposure meter that artificially reduces the light admitted in a sequence of known fractions until a value is...

A method of producing x-ray exposures as short as 0.03 µs; the primary application is in ballistic radiography.

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...

Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....

A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...

The site behind the lens system in a camera where photographic media are positioned for exposure.

A beam instability, induced by index of refraction inhomogeneities and component damage of dirt and dust particles, that...

Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...

That property of a material indicating that it will react when exposed to light energy.

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a medical treatment approach that combines elements of phototherapy and immunotherapy to target...

The decrease of a component's efficiency, or a reduction in a material's light sensitivity, as the result of accumulated...

Backscatter refers to the phenomenon in which radiation or waves are scattered backward, opposite to the direction of the...

A frame taken with a CCD camera over an exposure length of zero seconds with the lens cap on or the shutter closed and no...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...

An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...

A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...

In photography, the technique of taking multiple pictures of the same subject at different exposures to compensate for...

The process whereby sound waves are employed to form a three-dimensional image of an object. The process involves generally:...

The underexposure caused by the diffraction of light passing through small openings spaced closely together in masks used in...

A tiny lens (as small as 100 µm in diameter) used to focus light on charge-coupled devices, formed by heating a...

A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...

An instrument used to measure the light from a scene to be photographed and to indicate the camera lens and shutter settings...

Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...

Generation of an acoustical signal by a sample exposed to modulated light.

A device that detects and measures the quantity of exposure to nuclear radiation. It uses a special glass rod that...

SI unit of light exposure.

The ionization and spark emission due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

The potential difference between two areas of a semiconductor when one is exposed to light.

A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...

Imaging materials that generally consist of a polyester base, a transparent electrically conductive layer and an organic...

Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...

A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...

An acoustic wave that propagates along the surface of a solid and decays exponentially with substrate depth. Also called a...

Dewetting is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where a thin film or coating spontaneously undergoes a process of...

A test for spherical aberration, coma or astigmatism in which incident rays from a point source are isolated by small holes...

An emulsion in which grains of the photosensitive material silver halide are deposited. Each grain, when exposed to light,...