A cryogenic cooler device that is an intermittent Joule-Thomson refrigerator with a passive radiator serving as the precooler. Used for satellite applications, the device has Joule-Thomson and gas storage vessel properties to select fluids on the...

A flowmeter is a device used to measure the flow rate or quantity of a fluid passing through a particular point in a system....

An instrument used to measure the refractive index of solids and liquids. Several types exist, the most common being the...

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the manipulation and control of very small fluid volumes, typically...

Often referred to as the geometric center of a given image or image plane, the centroid of an image is a fixed point located...

A type of refractometer designed to measure the refractive indices of liquids. A section of the instrument is immersed into...

A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...

A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...

An evacuated, double-walled container for storing liquids at low temperatures. Often made of glass, the vessel resembles a...

Also called calcite. A natural hexagonal crystal of calcium carbonate. It cleaves readily into rhomboids useful in the study...

Ablation applied to polymers and chemical solids. Process of material removal that minimizes edge damage but will not heat...

A form of shearing interferometer that contains a simple wedged (plane-parallel) glass plate with a nonzero optical path...

Radiation emitted by electrons when they travel in circular orbits at speeds close to that of light. Synchrotron radiation...

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...

Filoviruses are a family of viruses that are responsible for severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and...

Mie scattering, named after the German physicist Gustav Mie, refers to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation (such as...

The term used in reference to vacuum systems using oil and diffusion pumps, describes the migration of pump fluids and their...

A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a miniaturized device that integrates various laboratory functions and capabilities onto a single,...

A laser cavity, also known as an optical cavity or resonator, is a fundamental component of a laser system. It is a confined...

Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...

A reagent is a substance or compound that is used in a chemical reaction to bring about a specific transformation or to...

An electron-beam tube with power-handling capability that is essentially based on controlled electron beams. Its control and...

In vitro is a Latin term that translates to "in glass." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and medicine, it...

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a mechanism describing the transfer of energy between two closely spaced...

A method of applying antireflection coatings to optics that avoids the elevated temperatures normally used. A cold coating...

Liquid marble refers to a unique form of microscale liquid encapsulation, where small droplets of liquid are coated with a...

Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...

A method for obtaining the optical absorption spectra of solids, semisolids, liquids and gases. PAS is inherently...

Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...

An acid used to etch the surfaces of particular materials. For glass, hydrofluoric acid is used either as a liquid or a...

Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...

An instrument used to measure expansion of solids, liquids and gases.

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...

Chalcogenide refers to a class of compounds containing elements from group 16 of the periodic table, which includes sulfur...

A statistical analysis of facts obtained when the intensity of x-ray diffraction is calculated at different angles. In this...

The ability of particular pure liquids to doubly refract when influenced by a magnetic field with a direction that is...

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...

The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...

With respect to television, that part of a color television circuit that combines the I, Q and Y signals, and changes them...

A liquid, usually of a specific refractive index and dispersion, serving as an interface between two solids to form a...

A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...

Substances that exhibit the characteristics of both acids and bases and are capable of both P- and N-type conductivity.

An analytical technique used to determine, identify and localize impending malfunctions. It is based upon quantitative and...

Process of analysis in which the analyte substance is distributed in a matrix before laser desorption. This method avoids...

A set of mirrors mounted on solenoids to move them into and out of the path of a laser beam, making it possible for multiple...

Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...

Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...

A closely spaced series of well-known chemicals having a refractive index lying between 1.33 for water and 1.95 for a...

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...

Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...

Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry to obtain IR spectra of samples....

Dichroism refers to the property of certain materials to exhibit different colors or absorbance of light depending on the...

The series of processes used to identify and evaluate crystal structure by using crystalline solids to diffract x-rays. In...

Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry, is a chemical manufacturing process where reactions take place in a...

Consists of a pair of radio telescopes concentrated on a single celestial object. This technique creates a single radio...

An excited energy state of an atom or atomic system that has a longer lifetime than the ordinary excited state and typically...

A well plate, also known as a microplate or microtiter plate, is a flat plate with multiple small wells or depressions...

A particle that will not normally diffuse through animal or vegetable membrane. Larger than most inorganic compounds,...

An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...

A metabolite is any small molecule that is a product of metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within living...

Dewetting is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where a thin film or coating spontaneously undergoes a process of...

Freeform mirrors refer to reflective optical components that deviate from traditional symmetric or rotationally symmetric...

When applied to LCD grids, the active matrix is a means of supplying power to pixels by use of a transistor and capacitor....

Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...