Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that possess a cell envelope composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which contribute to the characteristic...

An anastigmatic lens with a thick meniscus construction that flattens the field and corrects chromatic and spherical...

End-fire coupling refers to a method of coupling energy into or out of a waveguide, transmission line, or antenna, where the...

A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...

A metalens, short for "metasurface lens," is a type of optical lens that uses nanostructured materials to manipulate light...

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...

Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring substances. These...

Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...

A compound lens combination whose astigmatic difference is zero for one or more off-axis zones in the image plane. In such a...

An aplanatic surface is an optical surface that is specifically designed or shaped to minimize spherical aberration and...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

A lens similar to the Cooke triplet anastigmat, with the rear crown achromatized for improved coverage and definition. It is...

A waveguide is a physical structure or device that is designed to confine and guide electromagnetic waves, such as radio...

The analysis of the properties of radiation, such as light, when acted upon by variations in the atmosphere. Blue and red...

A lens derived from the Cooke triplet anastigmat, but with one of the crown elements split in two, resulting in improved...

A two-mirror corrector for a parabolic primary mirror that provides anastigmatic performance for large astronomical...

An angstrom, symbolized by the Ångström or Å, is a unit of length used to express atomic and molecular...

A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance, which is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force or...