An atomic clock is a highly precise timekeeping device that uses the vibrations or oscillations of atoms as a reference for measuring time. The most common type of atomic clock uses the vibrations of atoms, typically cesium or rubidium atoms, to...

A material that changes color as it is heated or cooled.

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

A method of producing disks for erasable optical data storage. Information is recorded by a laser beam that generates pits...

A surface heat-treating process that produces a highly stressed surface. In case-hardening of glass, a plate of glass is...

A high-frequency pulse-rate laser with an output limited by the heat capacity of the laser medium. Instead of having...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...

Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...

A photodetector composed of a photoconductive material that, when exposed to radiation, conducts without the aid of added...

A method of cleaning and drying coated optical components. The cooled parts are placed in a container above a boiling...

1. A device generally used in a cathode-ray or camera tube to emit a stream of electrons moving at uniform velocity in a...

A display device having a thermoplastic film as the control layer medium. The film, moving from a playoff reel, is scanned...

The area of optics in which the wave nature of a particle is exploited to carry out very accurate interferometry and other...

A vacuum pump in which pressure is reduced by condensing gases on surfaces cryogenically cooled to about 20 K (liquid...

A gas laser wherein the gas mixture is not exhausted into the atmosphere but is continually recycled. It is excited in the...

A refrigeration method based on the Peltier effect. When an electric current passes through a thermocouple of two dissimilar...

A method of designing lasers whereby the laser rod is cut into elliptical discs and cooled by running water over the disc...

A cryogenically cooled component incorporated into the Dewar of an infrared detector assembly to maintain the sensing...

An infrared detector that achieves a specified sensitivity through the application of certain cryogenic temperatures.

The spectrographic analysis of matter that is in a cooled state. Generally, a mechanical refrigerator is used to lower the...