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degree Dictionary Terms

modulation transfer function
Also called sine wave response and contrast transfer function. The modulation transfer function is the ratio of the...
ultraviolet reflectance
Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...
adaptometer
An apparatus used to determine the degree of adaptation of the eye under different conditions.
cross dispersion
Recombination of only the light that is correctly dispersed by the first stage of a polychromator through its wide...
vacuum gauge
A gauge designed to measure the degree of vacuum in an evacuated vessel. A simple U-tube containing mercury is adequate for...
electromagnon
An electromagnon is a quasiparticle excitation that combines aspects of both magnetism and electric polarization in a...
field of view
The field of view (FOV) refers to the extent of the observable world or the visible area that can be seen at any given...
blackbody source
A blackbody source, often simply referred to as a blackbody, is a theoretical or practical physical object that absorbs all...
Bessel functions
Two formulas used in diffractometer analysis, the first giving the individual diffraction patterns of each aperture, the...
brightness resolution
The degree to which a pixel in a digital image represents the analog brightness of the corresponding point in the original...
carbonization
Carbonization is a process in which organic materials are heated in the absence of air, leading to the decomposition of the...
compacting
The heat-treating method in which the index of refraction of glass is fixed near or at its maximum value by holding the...
multi-axis alignment
Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...
microreciprocal degree
An approximated measure of the smallest change in color temperature detectable by the human eye, defined as the reciprocal...
gloss
Property of a surface which, because of directional reflection, is responsible for the degree to which reflected highlights...
diurnal aberration
Atmospheric aberration caused by the Earth's rotation; the degree varies from 0 at the poles to a maximum of 0.31 s of arc...
permeability
Typically represented by the Greek letter μ, magnetic permeability is the measure of a material's ability to generate and...
coherence degree
spatial phase shift
The change in position of the image of a sine wave object from its ideal position. Usually measured in degrees with...
fusion ignition
Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...
isocandela diagram
Indication of emission brightness with degree of emission from an optical source.
sensitometer
An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...
rotating wedge
A circular optical wedge (prism of small refracting angle) mounted to be rotated in the path of light rays to divert the...
opposition effect
Also referred to as the opposition surge, the opposition effect is a photometric phenomenon in which a rough retroreflective...
static beam alignment
The degree to which a laser beam is aligned parallel to the housing axis.
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
kinematic mount
A mount for an optic element or optics assembly, designed so that all six degrees of freedom are singly constrained. This...
averted vision
In astronomy, the method of deliberately viewing objects with peripheral vision to take advantage of the eye's greater...
high-vacuum tube
An electron tube whose electrical characteristics will not be affected by gaseous ionization because of its high degree of...
attenuation
Attenuation refers to the gradual loss or reduction of intensity, force, or magnitude of a particular property as it...
pleochroism
The property exhibited by certain birefringent crystals in which the degree with which they transmit polarized light is...
diffuse illumination
Light emitted by one or more sources and characterized by a high degree of scatter.
selective laser melting
Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that belongs to the powder bed...
cross-coupling
1. A defect inherent in a multiple-axis positioning system whereby an adjustment of one axis causes an undesired change in...
optical testing instrument
An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...
retarder cell
A device that uses nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between fused silica substrates to change the phase of polarized...
high contrast
A term used to describe a photograph, film or television picture where the values for black and white areas are at or near...
smart pixel array
An array of active optical devices (modulators, laser diodes and/or detectors), each of whose electrical inputs or outputs...
retardance
The degree of angular shift in the phase of incoming polarized light.
degrees of freedom
The number of unique ways in which a part can move in an alignment system. In static alignment, there are six: one in the...
microradian
Equivalent to 10-6 radian, where 1 radian equals 180/pi degrees. A rod 1 km in length will be moved by an angle of 1...
optical work
The degree to which the surface of a lens causes an incident ray of light to bend, or the amount of convergence or...
infrared
Infrared (IR) refers to the region of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths longer than those of visible light, but...
beat length
A characteristic of optical fiber used to calculate the fiber's ability to maintain polarization. The beat length describes...
tolerancing
The determination of the degree to which a manufactured component can deviate from its ideal specifications of material and...
McLeod gauge
A gauge designed to measure high degrees of vacuum. It consists of a glass bulb attached to the vacuum vessel, the...
circular dichroism
Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...
glass
A noncrystalline, inorganic mixture of various metallic oxides fused by heating with glassifiers such as silica, or boric or...
vernier acuity
The degree to which a pair of fine lines can be aligned to each other. A normal observer will demonstrate an accuracy of 10...
light source
The generic term applied to all sources of visible radiation from burning matter to ionized vapors and lasers, regardless of...
electrical length
Expression of the length of a transmission medium in terms of wavelengths of the propagating wavelength. In general,...
gamma
A numerical value representing the degree of contrast in a television picture: the exponent of the power law used to...
brightness meter
An instrument for measuring the brightness (luminance) of a scene. It may be a spot meter, covering an area of a degree or...
corner cube
A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...
spectral repeatability
Spectral repeatability refers to the consistency and reproducibility of spectral measurements across multiple trials or...
probe
Acronym for profile resolution obtained by excitation. In its simplest form, probe involves the overlap of two...
optical axis
The imaginary line passing through both the centers of curvatures of the optical surfaces of a lens or mirror; the optical...
degree of coherence
A quantitative measurement of the coherence of a light source; equal to the visibility (V) of the fringes of a two-beam...
instantaneous field of view
Instantaneous field of view (iFOV) is a term commonly used in the context of remote sensing, imaging systems, and optical...
anomalous photoconductivity
A spectral phenomenon in which the degree of the photoresponse of an illuminated semiconductor is determined by the...
wafer
In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...
repeatability
The degree to which a predetermined or previous setting of a positioning device can be duplicated by observance of the...
wedge ring detector
A diffraction pattern sampling unit composed of a 32-element monolithic silicon photodiode array and a readout unit. The...
flexible display
A flexible display refers to a type of electronic visual display that is designed to be bendable, foldable, or rollable,...
Pirani gauge
A vacuum gauge designed to measure very high degrees of vacuum by thermal conduction.
Bose-Einstein condensate
A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...
Babinet compensator
A device containing two opposed quartz wedges of equal angle, one wedge being movable along its length by a micrometer...
discrimination
The degree to which a vision system is capable of sensing differences in light intensity between two regions.
Abbe-Porro prism
A reflecting prism that inverts the image. The image is reflected four times internally and emitted laterally. The prism is...
color aging test
A test used to measure the degree of fading of different colored materials, especially those involving organic dyes, which...
freeform optics
Freeform optics refers to the design and fabrication of optical surfaces that do not follow traditional symmetric shapes,...
freeform mirrors
Freeform mirrors refer to reflective optical components that deviate from traditional symmetric or rotationally symmetric...
zenith telescope
A telescope that is fixed or has a limited degree of movement in a vertical plane; primarily used to determine the position...
indexing table
Generally, a rotatable table with scales marked in degrees. The fiducial marking also may be a vernier scale. The same...

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