A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned, electrons from the photocathode are accelerated through the tube in a spiral and strike the phosphor target as if they had...

A device having electrical resistance and used in an electric current for purposes of protection, operation or control of...

The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...

A lamp that emits light as the result of the passage of an electrical current through ionized cesium vapor.

Imaging materials that generally consist of a polyester base, a transparent electrically conductive layer and an organic...

A mode possessing components of both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...

The finite amount of electrical charge generated in response to incident radiation and transferred from one storage element...

Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...

An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...

The control of free electron movement through the use of electrical or magnetic fields, and use of this electron movement in...

A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...

A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...

A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser by supplying electrical energy to the electron beam...

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...

A wave in the electromagnetic spectrum that has both electrical and magnetic field vectors in the direction of propagation.

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is an international standard for medical imaging created by both the...

The property exhibited by a substance having electrical conductivity that decreases as the intensity of the incident visible...

A device consisting of a disc with a spiral arrangement of holes that is used to convert visible patterns into electrical...

Epitaxial refers to the growth of a crystalline layer on a crystalline substrate in such a way that the orientation of the...

A series of solar cells arranged to collect solar radiation and to generate a given amount of electrical energy.

A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...

A probe card is a testing device used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to evaluate and test the electrical...

The central hole running the full length of a laser capillary tube, in which electrical discharge and laser action take...

The use of an applied electrical field to focus a cathode-ray tube's electron beam.

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

The region at the PN junction in a semiconductor radiation detector where the potential energies of the two materials create...

A system in which the electrical signal embedded within an audio input signal is converted to a modulated light pattern and...

Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...

A crucible made of electrically resistive material through which a current is passed to heat the material inside, which then...

Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...

Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...

A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...

A mechanical, electrical, thermal or optical detector designed to identify and measure ultrasonic radiation.

The study of the reversible conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Electroplating is an electrochemical...

A very uncommon lamp in which a tungsten electrode is heated to incandescence by a radio-frequency electrical current.

Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...

The electrical distribution that serves to influence an electron beam in the same way that an optical lens affects a light...

A photodetector in which an electrical charge is produced when incident photons change electrons within the detecting...

A cell filled with a transparent material that, when placed in a strong electrical field, exhibits double refraction. Since...

A semiconductor device with the property of conducting current more easily in one direction than the other. It has two...

An impurity in a material that is capable of inducing electrical conduction in that material by transferring an electron to...

In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...

That voltage required across a Pockels, Kerr or other electro-optic light modulator to retard one polarization electrical...

The movement of particles or ions in a solution toward the electrode having the opposite sign because of the application of...

Radiation that does not produce free electrons and ions, or electrically charged particles.

Anisotropic is a term used to describe a material or substance that exhibits different properties or behaviors in different...

The reproduction of a picture or image, produced by scanning the image and converting it into electrical signals that carry...

A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

Any lamp whose emission of radiant energy is dependent upon the passage of an electrical current through the emissive medium.

A device used to scan, with a small, intensely bright spot, portions of a picture surface and to transform the original...

A technology that uses electrically activated holograms stored within specially developed crystals to route information in...

An interferometer that functions by first detecting the light striking each aperture and then combining the two detector...

The utilization of the light produced when electrical energy is directly converted into light within devices used for visual...

A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...

In an optical fiber or waveguide communications system, an optoelectronic device or module that receives an optical signal,...

An electrochemical process of metal fabrication using an electrolyte, an anode to supply the metal, and a control of the...

Device that operates by interaction of incident radiation with semiconductor based material in order to produce an...

The element that resembles a lightweight metal, but when very pure, has a very high electrical resistance and is transparent...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

A solid-state semiconducting structure (basically one of the bolometers) that changes electrical resistance with...

The method by which photographic film is scanned by an electron beam. One technique uses the uniform light of a television...

Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...

An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

A volumetric electrical charge resulting from a flow of charged particles across a gap.

A measurement technique used to determine the spatial distribution profile of an electrical or optical quantity of interest...

1. The branch of physics that deals with the use of electrical energy to create or manipulate light waves, generally by...

A photoelectrical relay that uses a phototube as its photoelectric device to open and close an electrical relay; used to...

The splitting or shifting of spectral lines or energy levels caused by the application of a strong transverse electrical...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

In a laser, the voltage necessary to initiate electrical discharge, somewhat higher than that needed to sustain it.

In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...

A microscope that uses a flying spot scanner, directed through the eyepiece, as a light source to determine the features of...

A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....

Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

A transistor designed to respond to either light or electrical signals.

The minimum electrical current input needed to initiate lasing.

A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....

In electrical equipment, power variations that are temporary (as opposed to the permanent, cumulative effects of drift).

A Pockels cell in which electrical current is applied in a direction orthogonally to that of the light beam.

A device used to measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It utilizes the Lorentz force...

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...

A mechanical or electrical-electromagnetic device for periodically interrupting or blocking abeam of light for a brief known...

A device used to measure the opening time of a shutter. The most common devices depend on the charging or discharging of an...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

Coating carried out in a sealed chamber evacuated by a mechanical pump in series with an oil diffusion pump to a pressure...

A device that detects radiation by utilizing the influence of light in forming an electrical signal. It may be a phototube;...

An accelerometer is a sensor or transducer that measures the rate of change of velocity of an object, or in simpler terms,...

A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....

The electrical arc formed between metal rods that emits the spectrum of the metal itself. Commonly used in the chemical...

1. A device designed to convert the energy of incident radiation into another form for the determination of the presence of...

A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...

A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a...

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...

LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...

A relay that opens or closes an electrical circuit depending on the intensity of the light incident to a photoelectric...

A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...

The product of Avogadro's constant and the electrical charge of an electron; thus, the electrical charge carried by 1 gmol...

A beam of light whose electrical field amplitude distribution is Gaussian. When such a beam is circular in cross section,...

An operational mode for radiometers that analogs the method of operation of an angstrom pyrheliometer. In this mode, the...

Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...

A device composed of dissimilar metals that, when welded together, develop a small voltage dependent upon the relative...

Pixel binning, also known as pixel merging or pixel combining, is a technique used in digital imaging and camera technology....

Exhibiting the characteristic of materials that are electrical insulators or in which an electric field can be sustained...

An interface in an optical network that permits an optical signal to pass without changing the optical signal to an...

A device for converting sunlight into electrical energy, consisting of a sandwich of P-type and N-type semiconducting...

An electrically excited laser having carbon monoxide as the lasing material and in which lasing occurs in a partial...

A laser that has a surface-emitting semiconductor gain element coupled to an external mirror designed to complete the laser...

A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...

Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...

1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...

The arc formed when the rare gas xenon is excited electrically and emits a brilliant white light. Xenon is used to fill...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

The light flash that occurs when an electrical field is applied to a phosphor already excited by ultraviolet radiation.

A two-electrode, radiation-sensitive junction formed in a semiconductor material in which the reverse current varies with...

A dielectric ceramic material used in laser capillary tubes because of its high electrical resistivity and high thermal...

The change in the refractive index of a material under the influence of an electrical field.

The process by which the light from the images of photographic film is encoded into electrical signals for video...

A device that accumulates and stores electrical energy to introduce capacitance into a circuit. Basically, it is composed of...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

A metal, alloy or compound that loses its electrical resistance at temperatures below a certain transition temperature...

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...

A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...

A device that converts stored electrical energy into light by means of a sudden electrical discharge.

Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...

1. A single unit in a device for changing radiant energy to electrical energy or for controlling current flow in a circuit....

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...

Photon flow created by imaging of light into a detector array; IPD is the electrical signal used by the image processor in a...

An experimental model of an electrical circuit or complex assembly; a prototype.

A television camera tube in which a low-velocity electron beam scans a photoactive mosaic that has been created by an...

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

The light spectrum formed by an explosive reaction or by the electrical explosion of a metallic wire by a strong current.

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...

A document-transmitting process that uses a cylinder that rotates the document to be scanned and detected by a photoelectric...

The graphic recording of physical changes vs. time, in electrical quantities, using an oscilloscope.

An arc flash is a sudden release of electrical energy due to an electric arc — a continuous, high-current discharge of...

An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...

A device containing an electro-optic crystal and using the Pockels effect. A voltage applied across the crystal generates...

The application of observed operational processes of sophisticated living organisms to mechanical and electrical systems in...

A bandpass filter with piezoelectric crystal components for the passage or impedance of electrical signals of various...

Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...

An X-Y electrically addressable series of arrays with individual electron emitters bombarding a phosphor-coated transparent...

Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation...

The electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of one volt, applied...

A compact high-pressure light source in which an electrical discharge between electrodes spaced no more than 12 mm apart...

A semiconductor device that functions as an electrically controlled switch for AC loads.

A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...

The part of an electrical circuit in which the electrons leave (a cathode-ray tube) or enter (an electrolytic cell) a unit...

Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...

Expression of the length of a transmission medium in terms of wavelengths of the propagating wavelength. In general,...

A furnace, generally electrically heated, with a control system capable of following a cam by which the temperature can be...

The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...

An optical barcode reader, commonly known as a barcode scanner, is a device that uses optical technology to capture and...

A small incandescent lamp whose intense beam is focused on the optical soundtrack of a motion picture film. The soundtrack...

Discharge that results when a doped semiconductor crystal with a PN junction is charged with a low-voltage direct current....

A device designed to measure electromotive force or electrical difference potential.

In a gas, an electrical discharge that has no luminance.

One of the electrodes used to focus the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube. As the electrode's voltage is changed, its...

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...

Refers to the transistors in which the working current flows through only one type of semiconductor material, either P-type...

An alien, electrically charged atomic system in a solid; an ion substituted for the constituent atom or ion in a crystal...

A solid-state device, composed of silicon, that is used to convert radiation into electrical energy.

Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...

Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...

Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

The coupling of laser or light beams via nonlinear optical techniques such as four-wave mixing to achieve spatial variation...

Radiation emitted from vibrating charged particles. A combination of oscillating electrical and magnetic fields that...

Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...

Anisotropy refers to the property of exhibiting different values or characteristics when measured in different directions....

The photographic recording of an image formed by the alteration in electrical properties of the sensitive materials and...

Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...

The process of heating and slowly cooling a solid material, like glass or metal, to stabilize its thermal, electrical or...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

A photoconductive cell consisting of a layer of selenium on a substrate whose electrical resistance varies with the...

Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...

The ability of a conductor to store an electrical charge; its value is given in farads as the ratio of the stored charge on...

The disordered, glassy solid state of a substance, as distinguished from the highly ordered crystalline solid state....

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

Ferroelectric materials are a type of dielectric materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, meaning they...

The emission of radiant energy produced by the passage of an electrical current through an appropriate electrolyte in which...

A thermometric instrument used for the detection and measurement of radiant energy. Its essential component is a short...

A thin film of absorbing or nonabsorbing layers in which the absorption of radiation at any point is directly proportional...

An instrument that transforms heat energy into electrical energy.

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

The phenomenon that makes nonlinear the mathematical expression for the electrical polarization of a medium through which...

A panel of photoconductive and electroluminescent layers used as either a positive or negative image intensifier, depending...

A camera tube that employs a high-velocity electron beam to scan a photoemissive mosaic and to store electrical charge...

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...

A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...

An electrical or optical device used to convert color coordinates.

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

A source made to glow by electrons that are produced either electrically or by isotopes of various elements.

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

That branch of science involved in the study and utilization of the motion, emissions and behaviors of currents of...

A system in which a supplied signal causes the deflection of the electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, thus forming a visible...

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...

A cable assembly containing both optical fibers and copper electrical conductors in the same jacket.

Pockels cell or dynamic optical retarder in which the electrical field is applied in a direction parallel to that of light...

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

Any material that derives its energy from chemically or electrically induced reactions; isotope or radium excitation is used...

The ratio of emitted optical power of a source to the input electrical power.

A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...

The force that stimulates the emission of an electrical current when photovoltaic action creates a potential difference...

An electron tube whose electrical characteristics will not be affected by gaseous ionization because of its high degree of...

The instrument used to collect thermal radiation information on an object by scanning. It consists basically of a detector,...

A technique that uses the passage of an electrical current through a recording medium to produce a permanent image on that...

With respect to display systems, a device that uses an independent light source and a control-layer medium, the active...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

The interaction between electrical and mechanical stress-strain factors in a material. When piezoelectric crystal is...

In a fiber optic transmission system, the conversion of received optical pulses directly to an electrical signal.

The control of an instrument or electrical circuit by the current produced by varying radiation incident to a photoelectric...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

A photoelectrically controlled, alphanumeric reading device that converts characters to audible or sorting signals which can...

A phototube that functions within a vacuum and thus eliminates the effects of gaseous ionization on its electrical...

A crystal that is characterized by its relatively poor electrical conductance.

The effect produced by electrical charges or fields alone, without interaction with magnetic influence.

Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...

The ability of an electrical current to destroy superconductivity by means of the magnetic field generated by the current....

A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...

In a laser, the series resistance necessary for a stable electrical discharge.

A device that uses electromagnetic fields to separate electrically charged particles according to their masses. As a beam of...

The nonthermal conversion of electrical energy into light in a liquid or solid substance. The photon emission resulting from...

Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...

A system used to measure very small displacement by electrical means.

A device used to transmit and receive images that have been converted to electrical signals over regular telephone lines; it...

An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains...

A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...

Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...

Also known as TEA laser. A coherent optical source with a wide wavelength range in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet...

An array of active optical devices (modulators, laser diodes and/or detectors), each of whose electrical inputs or outputs...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

A group of solar cells that are electrically contacted and physically arranged so that they may be oriented in the direction...

A laser that relies on chemical activity instead of electrical energy to produce the pumping action necessary to form pulses...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...

An electrically conductive layer for carrying off static charges that might accumulate on a surface.

For light incident on a plane boundary between two regions having different refractive indices, the angle of incidence at...

A device that produces brief flashes of light for observing the behavior of an object during a short interval. One of the...

The electrical power used to stimulate any light source. Power supplies may be step-up or step-down transformers; rectifiers...

An optogenetic technique that embeds genetically-engineered proteins to the heart to aid in terminating arrhythmias. After...

A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...

An electrical problem that occurs when voltage is not the same with respect to ground at every node of a system, causing...

Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...

A crystal consisting of a substance that has the ability to become electrically polarized and has strong piezoelectric...