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exposure Dictionary Terms

luminescence
Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...
Becquerel effect
The intensification of a latent image, because of exposure to light to which the emulsion is otherwise insensitive.
radiant exposure
 adjacency effect
With respect to photography, the change in the density-exposure relations, for small details of the photographic image, that...
latensification
A short term for latent image intensification, a process much like hypersensitizing in photography, but used after exposure...
photocurrent
The current that flows through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.
Clayden effect
The desensitization of the first photographic exposure after it has been subjected to high-intensity radiation.
high-speed radiography
A method of producing x-ray exposures as short as 0.03 µs; the primary application is in ballistic radiography.
photobleaching
Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...
double-exposure holography
The formation of an interferogram by means of two holograms on the same recording medium, often used for determining small...
Hertz effect
The ionization and spark emission due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
light meter
Any device that is used to sense and measure light. See exposure meter; photoelectric exposure meter; photoelectric...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
quantum sensing
Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...
dosimeter
A device used to detect and measure the quantity of exposure to nuclear or x-ray radiation, and dependent on the fact that...
characteristic curve
A graph used in photography to portray the increase of a film's density as its time of exposure increases.
cine camera
A camera capable of making successive exposures on a continuous film driven by accurately spaced sprocket holes (a motion...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
latent image
The pattern of physical or chemical changes that has taken place in a photographic emulsion, by its exposure to light, that...
silicon carbide light-emitting diodes
Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...
overexposure
The improper exposure of a radiation-sensitive medium that results when there is too much radiation exposing the medium, or...
image quality
A measure of the closeness with which an optical image is capable of resembling the original object. The factors that affect...
extinction meter
A type of exposure meter that artificially reduces the light admitted in a sequence of known fractions until a value is...
ultraviolet reflectance
Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...
photographic sensitometry
The measurement of the responsivity of photographic media and of the relations between exposure and density of developed...
photoresist
Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
nominal ocular hazard distance
The calculated normal distance from a photon source at which harmful interaction with the incident light will occur....
limiting aperture
The maximum circular area over which radiance and radiant exposure can be averaged.
photostore
The photographic recording of data, in binary form, for storage in memory. Exposure is achieved by a cathode-ray tube or by...
multiple lens camera
A camera that uses a rotating mirror to project sequential images onto lenses that are arranged in an arc. The reflected...
printer
A photographic enlarger with a fixed negative plane and a fixed paper plane, often using a roll of paper that is advanced...
lenticular color photography
A type of additive color photography using a lenticular structure impressed on a film base and a camera lens with a filter...
step-and-repeat camera
A type of camera that has scales or other arrangements by which successive exposures can be lined up and equally spaced on a...
electron-beam lithography system
An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...
silicon monoxide
A material used as a protective layer on an aluminized or silvered mirror. It is evaporated on the mirror as a thin layer,...
speckle imaging
A technique for obtaining improved resolution of images produced by large telescopes and distorted by the effects of...
camera shutter
An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...
Sabattier effect
The reversal of a developed image due to the exposure of the partially developed image to actinic light.
hypersensitizing
With respect to photography, the process used to increase the effective speed of an emulsion between manufacture and...
exposure index
A measure of film speed sensitivity to light.
proximity effect
The underexposure caused by the diffraction of light passing through small openings spaced closely together in masks used in...
cesium-antimonide photocathode
A photocathode that exhibits maximum sensitivity in the blue and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. The sensitivity is...
negative ghost
A ghost image that has the reverse lightness relations of the original image. This phenomenon is a common optical illusion...
sensitometer
An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...
bracketing
In photography, the technique of taking multiple pictures of the same subject at different exposures to compensate for...
germicidal UV
Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...
laser damage threshold
The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...
auto-iris lens
A device for automatic exposure control in which a motor-driven diaphragm adjusts the aperture in response to a signal from...
filter factor
The necessary increase of a photograph's exposure time as the result of the additional absorption of light by the filter...
flash radiography
A technique used in radiography to obtain an unblurred image of a moving object by the use of very short x-ray exposures,...
hyperchromic shift
Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...
electronic shutter
A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...
rolling shutter artifacts
Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...
sapphire optical fiber
Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...
microfilm camera
A camera used to reduce originals onto film for easy storage. There are two basic types: one in which the film is fixed...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
photolithography
Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...
phototherapy
Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to treat various conditions, particularly those related...
curing
The use of chemicals or radiation to induce a desired change in a substance; e.g., some optical adhesives are set by...
high dynamic range
High dynamic range (HDR) refers to a technology that allows for a broader and more dynamic range of luminosity in visual...
camera
A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...
bias frame
A frame taken with a CCD camera over an exposure length of zero seconds with the lens cap on or the shutter closed and no...
sensitometry
Primarily the measurement of photographic sensitivity of certain materials such as photographic film. It refers to the...
integrated energy
Also known as integrated exposure. A measurement of light from sources that vary rapidly with time, defined as the integral...
photochromic
Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...
sandwich holography
The simultaneous exposure of two holographic plates with emulsions facing the object. After deformation, a second pair of...
masks for evaporation/deposition
In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...
photographic shutter efficiency
A measure of the total light passed by a shutter during an exposure, compared with the light that could be passed by an...
motion picture camera
A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures...
absorption hologram
A hologram formed when the light of the illuminating beam is absorbed in correspondence with the recording exposure. In...
rotating prism camera
A camera, with a rotating prism, that is capable of forming multiple exposures on a constantly moving strip of film.
threshold test
In laser damage testing, the exposure of many sites of a sample to different intensities of laser irradiation to discover...
time-averaged holographic interferometry
Multiple exposures of holograms, one for each position of a vibrating image, that are used for vibration analysis and that...
laser painting
Extended period exposure photographs of a laser light created with various patterns within full image (laser graffiti).
fluorochrome
The combination of the organic dye in a stained specimen and the antibodies produced that is detected by exposure to light.
phase hologram
A hologram that is formed on a recording medium by changing the phase of the illuminating wave in correspondence with the...
ballistic camera
A camera that uses multiple exposures to record the trajectory of an ordnance from a ground-level position.
maximum permissable exposure
The maximum level of laser radiation that a person may be exposed to without adverse biological effects.
area scan
Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...
rotary camera
A camera system used for microphotography that has a structure, such as a cylinder or surveyor belt, to rotate the documents...
Herschel effect
The decrease in effect in developable density on a photographic plate formed by a second exposure to radiation having a...
exposure
In optics, the total radiant energy incident on a surface-per-unit area. It is equal to the integral over time of the...
exposure meter
An instrument used to measure the light from a scene to be photographed and to indicate the camera lens and shutter settings...
dark frame
A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
piecewise interferometry
An interferometric technique for the generation of precision gratings that allows for sequential exposure of small segments...
classification duration
For a laser, the maximum exposure time that the laser design allows; 0.25 seconds for a Class 2 laser.
sonoluminescence
The luminescence of a substance resulting from its exposure to ultrasonic waves.
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
film platen
A mechanism in a camera designed to position the film in the focal plane for exposure.
exposure time
The length of time during which the receiver is irradiated.
flash sensitometer
A sensitometer that utilizes an electronic flashtube or a photoflash lamp as both the light source and the shutter for...
lux-second
SI unit of light exposure.
simultaneous exposure and development
The process, used with a positive photoresist, in which the photoresist is immersed in developing chemicals while being...
photographic exposure
The product of exposure time and irradiance or illuminance.
reciprocity law
With respect to photography, the law stating that the optical density of an exposed emulsion with standard development is a...
photopolymerization
A process in which a mixture of one or more monomers, plus a catalyst, polymerize under exposure to light radiation....
optical cements and adhesive
Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
inefficient shutter
A shutter in which the opening and closing times for a large aperture setting occupy a substantial fraction of the total...
reflected light meter
An exposure meter that indicates the amount of light reflected from the subject of interest.
solar simulator
A solar simulator is a device used to replicate the spectrum and intensity of sunlight in a controlled environment for...
Debot effect
The conversion of an internal latent image into a surface latent image through exposure to infrared radiation. The converse...
phototheodolite
A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...
optical glass
Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...
phototoxicity
Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...
lithography
Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...
Hurter-Driffield curve
A plotted relation between Log E (logarithm to base 10 of exposure in metercandle seconds) and density (logarithm to base 10...
modulated grating hologram
A computer-generated, phase-and-amplitude, off-axis hologram made by a multi-exposure technique that uses three computer...
photoelectric exposure meter
A device consisting of a microammeter, a photovoltaic cell and a battery. It is used for the measurement of scene brightness...
pulsed sandwich holography
Separation of incident laser pulses by several seconds so holographic plates can be changed and sandwiched between the...
luminance meter
A type of photometer calibrated in luminance units (candles per square unit, or lamberts). In photography an exposure meter...
backscatter
Backscatter refers to the phenomenon in which radiation or waves are scattered backward, opposite to the direction of the...
phosphorography
A process used in pyrometry and photothermometry to create a photographic record of a surface's temperature gradients....
phase mask
In optics and photolithography, a phase mask refers to a device that modifies the phase of light waves passing through it....
dark decay
The decay of an electrostatic charge image resulting from long exposure to the dark.
eye-safe laser operation
Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm (VIS to NIR) are focused onto the retina by the cornea. Because the retina is sensitive...
incident light meter
An exposure meter designed to measure the light striking an object and used at a suitable location in a scene.
film plane
The site behind the lens system in a camera where photographic media are positioned for exposure.
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
erythema
Localized redness of skin due to congestion of capillaries; a common result of overexposure to laser radiation.
infrared photoconductor
A photoconductor that demonstrates increased conductivity during its exposure to infrared radiation.
photomask
A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in...
fluence
Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....
pulsed radiance
The integral of the radiance over exposure time.
line-scan camera
A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...
spot meter
A telescopic light-sensing meter used to measure illumination levels of small regions at a distance of many feet; it is used...
near-field holography
A lithography method that allows the transfer of fine-pitch gratings from a phase mask into photoresist. The exposure takes...
ionization chamber
A closed vessel with electrodes of different potentials that is used to determine how much ionization took place in a gas...
image storage panel
A modified form of an image-retaining panel that can be used in subdued daylight. This is achieved by adding a layer of zinc...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
copper oxide photocell
An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...
glass dosimeter
A device that detects and measures the quantity of exposure to nuclear radiation. It uses a special glass rod that...
spectral response
Measure of a detector's signal during exposure to radiation of a constant power level and varying wavelength.
fatigue
The decrease of a component's efficiency, or a reduction in a material's light sensitivity, as the result of accumulated...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
magneto-optic shutter
A type of high-speed photographic shutter that uses Faraday rotation to produce exposure times as fast as 1 microsecond. It...

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