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gas Dictionary Terms

xenon
A rare gas used in small high-pressure arc lamps to produce a high-intensity source of light closely resembling the color...
airglow
Diffuse light emitted by the atmosphere due to the excitation of particles of atmospheric gas. These excited particles...
coaxial gas
A jet of inert gas along a laser welding beam's axis that cools, protects or cleans the work surface.
chemical vapor deposition
Chemical vapor deposition is a process of applying dopants to a glass bait by flame reactions of gaseous compounds. See also...
radioactivity detector
An instrument used to detect radioactive materials: alpha particles or helium nuclei; beta particles or free electrons; and...
excimer laser
An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...
long-path absorption spectroscopy
The method that, by measuring the absorption along an atmospheric path at wavelengths ranging from two to a continuum, can...
electronics
That branch of science involved in the study and utilization of the motion, emissions and behaviors of currents of...
gas discharge laser
 pulsed-dye laser
A laser with a gain medium consisting of an organic dye, which is carbon-based. The dye is mixed with a solvent, allowing...
cathode glow
The apparent luminosity or glow that immediately envelops the cathode in a gas-discharge tube operating at low pressures....
xenon flashtube
A high-intensity source of incoherent white light in which a capacitor is discharged through a tube of xenon gas; often used...
critical scattering
Intense scattering in the region of the liquid-gas critical point. At this point the gas will strongly scatter all light to...
cathode stream
Also known as cathode rays. Formerly, this term described a stream of electrons emitted from the cathode of a gas-discharge...
infrared light source
An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...
gas photocell
A photoemissive cell having an inert gas added to its envelope. Subsequent ionization of the gas increases the responsivity...
shock wave
Interruption in the normal flow of a plasma or fluid characterized by sharp rises in velocity, temperature and pressure. As...
plume
A mixture of ionized gas and metal vapor generated by impingement of the laser beam onto a material being welded or a weld...
noble gas
A monatomic, chemically inert gas such as argon, neon, krypton and xenon.
axial vapor-phase deposition
A vapor-phase oxidation process for fabricating graded-index optical fibers. It differs from outside vapor phase deposition...
stibine gas
The purest gas source of antimony, which is used in the manufacture of compound semiconductors for IR sensors and...
high-pressure cloud chamber
A cloud chamber designed to maintain the gas within it at a high pressure as a means of reducing the range of the...
halogen lamp
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...
interstellar absorption lines
Sharp and narrow absorption lines found in the spectra of stars. They result from the absorption of a part of a star's...
Mie scattering
Mie scattering, named after the German physicist Gustav Mie, refers to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation (such as...
strobotron
A specified cold-cathode gas tube used to apply a short-duration, high-power arc for a stroboscope.
Boltzmann's constant
A constant equal to the universal gas constant divided by the Avogadro number. It is approximately equal to 1.38 x 10-23 J/K...
open-dish method
A measurement method for reflectance by gas ionization in which light passes through a vapor before and after reflection....
gastroscope
An optical instrument designed for the visual examination of the inside of the stomach.
dosimeter
A device used to detect and measure the quantity of exposure to nuclear or x-ray radiation, and dependent on the fact that...
mid-wave infrared
MWIR stands for mid-wave infrared, referring to a specific range of wavelengths within the infrared spectrum. Infrared...
gas-transport laser
A gas laser wherein the gas mixture is not exhausted into the atmosphere but is continually recycled. It is excited in the...
photoionization
The ionization that occurs in gas affected by the action of radiation quanta.
Voigt effect
The induced birefringence in isotropic gases that results when the gases are placed in strong fields.
spectrophone technique
Gas detection measurement technique that uses a built-in capacitative microphone to calculate the amount of absorbed laser...
short-arc lamp
A compact high-pressure light source in which an electrical discharge between electrodes spaced no more than 12 mm apart...
nitric oxide detector
A pollution-measuring device used to detect the presence of nitric oxide regardless of other gases present. It utilizes the...
gas phototube
A phototube having increased response due to the addition of a quantity of gas.
Biberman factor
Mathematical compensation for the nonhydrogenic behavior of recombination radiation levels of gases, based on the quantum...
laser-induced fluorescence
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...
epitaxial equipment
Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...
Stirling engine
An engine in which work is performed by the expansion of a gas at high temperature; heat for the expansion is supplied...
quantum cascade laser
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....
argon-ion laser
gas laser using ionized argon as the active medium and applying electronic excitation in order to produce the laser light
radial distribution method
A statistical analysis of facts obtained when the intensity of x-ray diffraction is calculated at different angles. In this...
ultramicroscope
A dark-field microscope used to view extremely small objects. These objects are suspended in a gas or liquid in an enclosure...
vacuum chamber
A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment,...
spectroscopic light source
A discharge tube filled with various gases and used as a source in spectroscopy.
vacuum etching
Also known as cathodic etching. Surface etching achieved by bombarding an evacuated surface with gas ions.
arc discharge
The electric arc that is a particular discharge between two electrodes in a gas or vapor which is characterized by high...
carbon dioxide laser
A gas laser in which the energy-state transitions between vibrational and rotational states of CO2 molecules give emission...
remote sensing
Remote sensing is a method of data collection and observation where information about objects, areas, or phenomena on...
pneumatic detector
A device used to detect radiant energy by means of the thermal expansion of gas.
hybrid cooler
A cryogenic cooler device that is an intermittent Joule-Thomson refrigerator with a passive radiator serving as the...
residual gas analysis
A measurement in optical thin-film coating processes whereby the gases remaining in the vacuum chamber after coating are...
bakeout
The elimination of gases from the surfaces of a vacuum system by heating the surfaces when the pumping phase is occurring.
rare gas halide laser
 plasma
A gas made up of electrons and ions.
laser surgery
Laser surgery refers to a medical procedure in which a laser, or focused beam of light, is used as a precision tool to cut,...
electron-gun system
An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...
embedded laser
The term "embedded laser" typically refers to a laser device that is integrated or embedded into a larger system or...
microbubble resonator
A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...
solid-state laser
A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...
chemisorption
The binding of gas to a surface or in matter by chemical activity.
extinction voltage
The lowest anode voltage at which a gas tube can sustain a discharge.
Jamin refractometer
An instrument designed to measure the index of refraction of a gas by the interference patterns formed by two beams, one of...
Van der Waals
Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...
transversely excited atmosphere carbon dioxide laser
Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...
density matrix formulation
The exact mathematical description of the interactions of matter and intense electromagnetic fields, such as those that...
fiber optic sensor
A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...
ion-beam sputtering
Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...
suprathermal ion detector
A mass spectrometer used to detect ions formed by photo- and charge-exchange ionization of gases, such as those in the lunar...
aerosol
A two-phase system consisting of dispersed liquid or solid particles in a gas; examples include dust, smoke and clouds.
gas current
The positive ion current created in an electron tube as a result of the collisions between electrons and residual gas...
laser
A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...
gas laser
One of the first lasers to find practical application. Generally, the pumping mechanism is an electric discharge, although...
plasma display
A type of flat panel display made up of a layer of gas between two glass plates. The glass is coated with parallel...
optical coherence tomography imaging system
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...
Hefner unit lamp
A gas lamp used in the early 1900s as a physical standard for measurement of luminous intensity. The Hefner unit was...
laser tube
The device, usually made of glass or a similar material, that contains the resonant cavity and optics of a gas laser.
dilatometer
An instrument used to measure expansion of solids, liquids and gases.
ionization chamber
A closed vessel with electrodes of different potentials that is used to determine how much ionization took place in a gas...
fiber optic gyroscope
A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...
atmospheric window
A range of wavelengths within which radiation transmitted through the atmosphere suffers relatively little absorption by...
gas filter correlation
A technique for measuring the concentration of any gases. Identical infrared beams are alternately chopped, one passing...
photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...
solar occultation
Measurement of absorption by the gas of interest in the 2- to 6-µm range as a function of tangent height pressure. The...
dual laser
A gas laser equipped with Brewster windows and concave mirrors (having unlike reflective properties) at each end of the tube...
electron device
Any device in which the passage of electrons through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor is the principal means of conduction.
fiber optic spectrometer
A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...
zirconium arc
A small bulb containing a conducting gas, an arc being formed between a metal ring and a tiny zirconium electrode near the...
ondoscope
A glow discharge tube placed on an insulating rod to detect the presence of high-frequency radiation in the vicinity of a...
laser cavity
A laser cavity, also known as an optical cavity or resonator, is a fundamental component of a laser system. It is a confined...
evaporation coating
Coating carried out in a sealed chamber evacuated by a mechanical pump in series with an oil diffusion pump to a pressure...
reactive evaporation
Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...
Golay cell
A thermal radiation detector consisting of a small cell with a blackened plastic front face that bulges slightly when heat...
flashback voltage
The inverse peak voltage that produces ionization in a gas tube.
Rydberg atom
The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...
ionosphere
The gas of charged particles that begins approximately 50 km above the surface of the Earth and contains a sufficient...
pressurization
Injecting a gas (usually nitrogen) with a very low moisture content into the body of an optical instrument to create a...
epitaxial deposition
Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...
ionization gauge
A type of radiation detector that depends on the ionization produced in a gas by the passage of a charged particle through...
afterglow
The luminosity that remains in a rarefied gas after an electrodeless discharge has traversed the gas.
Geiger counter
Also called Geiger-Müller counter. An instrument designed to detect and measure radioactivity through the use of a...
confocal resonator
A confocal resonator, also known as a confocal cavity or confocal laser resonator, is a type of optical resonator...
attosecond photonics sources
Attosecond photonics sources refer to devices or systems that generate extremely short pulses of light on the order of...
sputtering equipment
Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
metallorganic chemical vapor deposition
A method of growing single crystals in which atoms and molecules from gaseous organic compounds interact and form a layer on...
metal vapor laser
Devices in which the lasing medium is a vapor of metal atoms or ions, sometimes mixed with another gas. Metal vapor lasers...
fusion ignition
Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...
carbonization
Carbonization is a process in which organic materials are heated in the absence of air, leading to the decomposition of the...
mask spectrometer
Instrument that uses absorption spectroscopy to detect gases in planetary atmospheres. Dispersed incoming radiation is...
ablative wall flashlamp
A high-brightness, short-duration source in which low-pressure gas initiates the discharge to vaporize material from the...
photoacoustic spectroscopy
A method for obtaining the optical absorption spectra of solids, semisolids, liquids and gases. PAS is inherently...
FTIR spectrometer
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...
glass-melting furnace
A furnace used to heat glass materials. It may be a small laboratory-type furnace for small-scale experiments or large...
enhanced Faraday effect
The occurrence of very large rotations in transparent materials at weak magnetic fields as predicted in the classical...
glow discharge
An electric discharge in a low-pressure gas having a low-current density and a space potential near the cathode that is much...
borescope
A device for the internal inspection of hard-to-get-at mechanical parts, such as rifle barrels, sewer pipes, oil wells, or...
xenon arc
The arc formed when the rare gas xenon is excited electrically and emits a brilliant white light. Xenon is used to fill...
ion laser
A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...
waveguide laser
Gas laser in which the tube acts as a channel for the laser beam.
gas focusing
 dark discharge
In a gas, an electrical discharge that has no luminance.
Bose-Einstein condensate
A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...
assist gas
A gas, such as oxygen, that improves the speed and efficiency of a laser cutter or welder when applied to the work surface,...
photoacoustic gas cell
A device for measuring absorption coefficients in which a confined, nonabsorbing gas fills the space inside the cell between...
McLeod gauge
A gauge designed to measure high degrees of vacuum. It consists of a glass bulb attached to the vacuum vessel, the...
Rayleigh interferometer
A device that is used to determine the index of refraction of a gas or liquid through the interference patterns formed by...
chemical vapor deposition equipment
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...
electron temperature
Approximation of a system of thermal equilibrium formed by the distribution of the kinetic energies of electrons in a gas...
phase conjugation
The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...
laser, gas
 diffusion pump
A vacuum pump in which heated oil or another substance is forced through jets as a vapor that collides with gas molecules...
glow lamp
A lamp in which the ionization of the inert gas contained in it produces a glow in the space close to the negative electrode.
laser-induced cut and patch
A process used in the design, repair and customization of integrated circuits. A low-power laser etches a silicon wafer...
x-ray vacuum
The pressure in the gas region of an x-ray tube that has been reduced below 0.1 mm, the pressure necessary for the tube.
bubble chamber photography
The photographic recording of gas bubbles produced when particles traverse liquid hydrogen in a bubble chamber.
plasma accelerator
A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...
gas discharge display
A display device that contains an inert gas that gives off orange light when a high voltage is applied to ionize the gas.
vacuum phototube
A phototube that functions within a vacuum and thus eliminates the effects of gaseous ionization on its electrical...
laser spark
Breakdown of a gas produced by the attenuation of an intense pulse of focused laser light.
radio-frequency discharge laser
A gas laser in which the electrodes are mounted perpendicular to the optical resonator.
stroboscope
A device that produces brief flashes of light for observing the behavior of an object during a short interval. One of the...
high-vacuum tube
An electron tube whose electrical characteristics will not be affected by gaseous ionization because of its high degree of...
modified chemical vapor deposition
Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) is a technique used in the fabrication of optical fibers. It is a specialized form...
helium-neon laser
A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...
arc light source
In present usage, especially for spectroscopic identification, an arc between electrodes that serves as a radiation source....
mid-infrared camera
A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...
attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy
Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...
spectrochemical equipment
Equipment used for chemical analysis by investigation of the spectra formed and observed in chemical activity. Of particular...
manometer
A device used to measure the pressure of gases and vapors, without regard to atmospheric pressure.
aeolight
A glow discharge lamp consisting of a cold cathode and a mixture of inert gases. The intensity of illumination varies with...
sealed-off
Describing a laser in which the gas is permanently sealed within the tube.
flow chemistry
Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry, is a chemical manufacturing process where reactions take place in a...
Geissler tube
A specific gas-filled tube designed to illustrate the luminous effects of discharges through rarefied gases.
ionic focusing
Also known as gas focusing. The introduction of an inert gas into a cathode-ray tube for the concentration of the electron...
high harmonic generation
High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...
endoscope
An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...
spicule
A feature in the chromosphere of the sun formed by a jet of gas that reaches from the chromosphere into the corona and has...
gas discharge
The conduction of electricity in a gas as a result of the ions generated by collisions between electrons and gas molecules.
Kerr effect
The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...
spectrometer mask
A high-contrast transparency of the gas sought, or an array of exit slits that correlates with some features of the...
cryopump
A vacuum pump in which pressure is reduced by condensing gases on surfaces cryogenically cooled to about 20 K (liquid...
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
outgassing
The emission of gas or de-aeration due to thermal variations and often occurring in a vacuum. In a cleanroom, contamination...
x-ray detection
The collection and detection of x-rays by virtue of their ionizing properties. The ionization may be perceived directly by a...
transversely excited atmosphere laser
Also known as TEA laser. A coherent optical source with a wide wavelength range in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet...
entrainment
The movement of particulate material by flowing gas or liquid.
electric-discharge lamp
A lamp that uses the transmission of an electric current through a gas or vapor to produce illumination. Neon, mercury and...
gas tube
An electron tube whose current flow is affected by the pressure on the gas or vapor contained in the tube.
magnetic rotation spectroscopy
Technique in which the polarization rotation of light, and its relationship to the magnetic field strength can be analyzed...
electronic flash unit
A small xenon-filled tube with metal electrodes fused into the ends. The gas flashes brilliantly when a condenser is...
rarefaction
In a gas, the temporary drop in density caused by contact with a sound wave.
sapphire optical fiber
Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...
capnometer
An instrument incorporating an infrared detector assembly, used to analyze carbon dioxide gases and in medical applications...
microenvironmental control system
Equipment that supports microscopic live-cell imaging by managing the gas, media perfusion, temperature and other factors to...
Joule-Thomson cooler
A detector cooling device in which a gas under high pressure escapes through an expansion valve in the tank; as the escaped...
gas magnification
The increase in current of a phototube as a result of the gas in the tube becoming ionized.
Saha equation
Formula that describes the thermal equilibrium of gas electrons and ions as a direct function of variations in temperature.
thyratron
An arc discharge tube having a grid that is used to start the discharge through an atmosphere of inert gas or vapor at low...
alignment laser
A laser, usually employing helium-neon or other gases as the active medium, used for alignment in industrial applications.
McClatchey model
Calculation of gas and aerosol transmission and emission characteristics for several model atmospheres, including two model...
plasmon
Calculated quantity of the entire longitudinal wave of a solid substance's electron gas.
hydrogen cyanide laser
A gas laser having a mixture of gases that makes it useful in the lab. The mixture of gases flows through a pressure and...
plasma physics
The study of highly ionized gases. Many phenomena not exhibited by uncharged gases are associated with plasma physics.
far-infrared maser
A gas maser that is capable of producing radiation in the far-infrared region of the spectrum.
neon tube
An electron tube containing neon gas that uses the transmission of an electric current through the gas to ionize the neon...
Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...
laser active elements
Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

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