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negative Dictionary Terms

photonegative
The property exhibited by a substance having electrical conductivity that decreases as the intensity of the incident visible radiant energy increases.
Babinet principle
The principle stating that two diffraction screens, one being exactly the negative of the other, will form the same...
image comparison
A method used in imaging to detect subtle differences between two apparently similar pictures. It can be achieved by...
negative crystal
A uniaxial, birefringent crystal such as calcite or ruby in which the velocity of the extraordinary ray surpasses that of...
silver halide emulsion
An emulsion in which grains of the photosensitive material silver halide are deposited. Each grain, when exposed to light,...
Callier coefficient
The coefficient termed by Callier as the ratio between the density of photographic negatives measured by parallel light and...
negative absorption
Amplification; the result of the excess of stimulated radiation over absorbed radiation.
photographic dosimetry
The use of photographic emulsions to detect and determine the amounts of ionizing radiation, such as x-rays and gamma rays,...
sign conventions
A convention that defines specific dimensions of an optical system, such as the image distance or radius of curvature of a...
positive-intrinsic-negative diode
 photocathode
An electrode used to release photoelectric emission when irradiated, making it then the irradiated negative electrode of a...
radiation-monitoring film
The film used in photographic dosimetry to record the types and amounts of ionizing radiation, such as x-rays and gamma...
microenvironmental control system
Equipment that supports microscopic live-cell imaging by managing the gas, media perfusion, temperature and other factors to...
dielectric constant
A number that indicates the magnitude of the shift in a solid of positive and negative charges in opposite directions when a...
separation filters
Three filters used in making a color print of a color negative, red, green and blue-violet, respectively. Each filter...
cesium 134
An isotope of cesium that emits negative beta particles and has a half-life of 2.19 years; its applications include...
optical density (photographic)
The transmittance of a point on a photographic negative equal to the log to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the...
Barlow lens
A negative lens used to increase the effective focal length of a telescope objective.
Brucke loupe
A telemicroscope in which a negative eyepiece is used to produce erect images.
equidensitometry
1. The use of an electronic microdensitometer to measure points of equal density on a photographic deposit. 2. A technique...
exciton
An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...
microscope
An instrument consisting essentially of a tube 160 mm long, with an objective lens at the distant end and an eyepiece at the...
Van der Waals
Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...
barrel distortion
The negative distortion that causes a square grid pattern to be imaged as barrel-shaped.
Faraday dark space
The nonluminous area that divides the negative glow from the positive column in a Crookes tube under conditions of moderate...
cathode
1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...
deep
A concave surface that has too much negative power; i.e., its radius of curvature is too short. This condition can be...
carrier injection
Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...
Cooke triplet lens
The simplest lens in which all primary aberrations may be corrected. It consists of two positive crown elements on either...
metamaterial
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring substances. These...
thyristor
A family of semiconductor switching devices of which the silicon-controlled rectifier and the triac are most commonly used....
Mangin mirror
A double-surfaced catadioptric spherical mirror whose spherical first surface consists of a negative meniscus (concave) lens...
multiphase pinned operation
A method of reducing dark current in charge-coupled devices by holding all the clocks at negative voltage during the...
levorotary
Characterizes a substance whose plane of polarization is rotated counterclockwise as the observer looks through the material...
negative meniscus lens
A negative powered lens with one surface convex and the other concave, the latter having the greater curvature. It also is...
light negative
That property of a substance that determines that there will be a decrease in conductivity when exposed to light radiation.
nanophotonics
Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...
negative carrier
The structure that holds the photographic negative in a proper position that is both flat and parallel to the lens plane, as...
magnitude
In astronomy, the relative brightness of a celestial body. Originally a scale from 1 to 6, where 1 represented the brightest...
cathode dark space
The area of low-level luminance lying between the cathode and the negative glow in a glow-discharge, cold-cathode tube.
electroluminescent-photoconductive image intensifier
A panel of photoconductive and electroluminescent layers used as either a positive or negative image intensifier, depending...
focal length
The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens's optical center (or principal point) and the image sensor or...
contact microradiography
The radiography of small objects having detail too fine to be seen by the unaided eye. The resulting negative, when...
calcite
A doubly refracting mineral used to produce polarizing prisms. It is uniaxial negative and in the trigonal division of the...
velocity modulation laser spectroscopy
A method of measuring negatively charged phase ions using a color-center or lead-salt diode laser.
isophotometer
A direct recording photometer that is designed to scan a photographic negative to determine its points of isodensity.
printer
A photographic enlarger with a fixed negative plane and a fixed paper plane, often using a roll of paper that is advanced...
halide
In chemistry, a halide refers to a chemical compound containing one or more halogen atoms bonded to another element. The...
unipolar
Refers to the transistors in which the working current flows through only one type of semiconductor material, either P-type...
electrochromic display
Type of solid-state display tube in which the readout surface is coated with a material that changes color when positively...
Galilean telescope
A refracting telescope that yields an erect image by the use of a positive lens for its objective and a negative lens for...
unijunction transistor
A three-terminal semiconductor having only one PN junction and a stable, open-circuit, negative-resistance property.
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
negative-refraction metamaterial
An artificial material, engineered to have a negative refractive index value, such that light or any other form of...
negative glow
In a cold-cathode tube, the luminance between the cathode dark space and the Faraday dark space. In a vacuum tube, the...
isodensities
The points on a photographic negative that are of equal density.
electrophoretic display
An electrophoretic display, often referred to as an electronic paper display or e-paper display, is a type of electronic...
hydrophilic
Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes...
electron
A charged elementary particle of an atom; the term is most commonly used in reference to the negatively charged particle...
test glass
A transparent block shaped accurately to reverse curvatures of the components it is used to test. By contacting an...
latensification
A short term for latent image intensification, a process much like hypersensitizing in photography, but used after exposure...
germanium crystal
Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...
negative ghost
A ghost image that has the reverse lightness relations of the original image. This phenomenon is a common optical illusion...
photolithography
Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...
gram positive
Gram-positive bacteria are a group of bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed primarily of a substance called...
myopia
A vision defect commonly referred to as nearsightedness. The defective condition results when the image of a distant object...
retrofocus lens
Also known as reversed telephoto lens. A lens consisting of an ordinary objective with a negative component near its front...
coma
A lens aberration, resulting from different magnifications in the various lens zones, that occurs in that part of the image...
Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...
negative temperature
 globar
A light source made up of silicon carbide or carborundum. It is resistant to the negative temperature coefficient and...
electric quadrupole lens
A device that uses four electrodes set in an alternating positive-negative polarity series to focus the beams of charged...
negatron
A negatively charged elementary particle. See electron.
glow lamp
A lamp in which the ionization of the inert gas contained in it produces a glow in the space close to the negative electrode.
gated image tube
An intensified charge-coupled device that uses a large negative charge at the grid to switch off the flow of electrons at...
color scanner
An instrument that uses a beam of light to scan a color transparency, and three differently filtered photosensors to record...
photoresist
Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...
microscope eyepiece
An eyepiece located at the near end of the microscope tube. It often is a simple Huygens eyepiece, but compensating and...
overexposure
The improper exposure of a radiation-sensitive medium that results when there is too much radiation exposing the medium, or...
ambrotype
The underexposed collodion that is present on a glass negative as a positive when backed with material.
shallow
A term used to denote a concave surface having too long a radius of curvature. That is, its negative power is too small or...
standard lens
A lens whose focal length is roughly equal to the diagonal of the negative format of the camera on which it is mounted.
negative stereoscopic image
When a stereo pair of images is switched so that the right eye sees the left image and the left eye the right, the stereo...
plasmonics
Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...
negative-electron-affinity photocathode
A photocathode having a P-type semiconductor with a work function less than its bandgap. The photocathode can release a...
color photographic film
Film that produces color negatives or transparencies by the use of three emulsions, one coated over the other, that are each...
Judas optics
A small defocused Galilean telescope mounted in a hole in a door. Viewed from inside through the positive lens, a wide-angle...
gram negative
Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that possess a cell envelope composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan...
ultramicrophotography
The process of microphotography that involves the reduction of the original at a ratio greater than 100 to 1. The process is...
negative lens
 Babinet absorption rule
The rule stating that positive uniaxial crystals have greater absorption with respect to the extraordinary component of...
ion
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and, as a result, carries a negative or positive charge.
phosphorography
A process used in pyrometry and photothermometry to create a photographic record of a surface's temperature gradients....
population inversion
The condition in which there are more atomic systems in the upper of two energy levels than in the lower, so stimulated...
bipolar
Refers to transistors in which the working current flows through two types of semiconductor material: N- and P-type. In...
bleach (or bleacher)
A chemical used in the developing of positive photographs that incites oxidation and thereby dissolves the negative silver...
cylindrical lens
A cylindrical lens is an optical component that has different curvatures along its two orthogonal axes, resulting in a shape...
triple aplanat
A compound lens consisting of two negative lenses of flint glass. A double-convex lens of crown glass is cemented between...
rectification
A technique used in photogrammetry to ensure parallelism during projection printing. Failure to do this will change a...
lithography
Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...
trial sets (ophthalmic)
Sets of lenses (positive, negative and cylindrical) usually mounted in circular rims suitable for slipping into trial...
Langmuir dark space
A nonluminous area around a negatively charged probe that is inserted into the positive column of an arc or glow discharge.
double diffuse density
Measurement derived from calculation when incident flux of a negative is entirely diffuse and all radiation transmissions...
negative dielectric anisotropy
State typically studied in liquid crystals in which the dielectric coefficient parallel to the director is less than the...
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...

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