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noise Dictionary Terms

pixel binning
Pixel binning, also known as pixel merging or pixel combining, is a technique used in digital imaging and camera technology....
matched filter
A filter that maximizes signal-to-noise ratio so that a waveform of known shape can be separated from random noise.
lock-in amplifier
A lock-in amplifier is a specialized electronic instrument used to extract and measure small signals embedded in noise or...
Felgett advantage
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained with a Fourier transform spectrometer when detector noise prevails, which exceeds...
photoconductive antenna
Photoconductive antenna (PCA) is a semiconductor element that generates or detects high-frequency electromagnetic signals....
photon noise
detectivity
A measure of the sensitivity of a detector; the reciprocal of noise equivalent power (NEP). See D*.
dark frame
A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...
beam noise
 cross-correlation
A signal-averaging technique that improves signal-to-noise ratio by comparing a sampled signal with a reference signal...
Poisson shot noise
A stationary noise that occurs for visible light photodetection when a steady light source, such as a heterodyne reference...
Gordon-Haus effect
Temporal jitter at a signal's receiver when amplified noise causes frequency shifts, as with a soliton traveling through an...
low-pass filter
In digital image processing, a method of convolution that reduces random noise by replacing the value of each pixel with the...
total internal reflection fluorescence
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that leverages the...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
quantum-ehanced metrology
Quantum-enhanced metrology refers to the use of quantum mechanics principles and techniques to enhance the precision and...
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...
mode hopping
Mode hopping in the context of lasers refers to a phenomenon where a laser system abruptly switches from one longitudinal...
noise equivalent irradiance
The amount of spatial noise detected equivalent to the output emission location of the giving source.
speckle noise
sample-and-hold circuit
A device that acquires a signal and then stores it for a specified period of time before processing, and used, for example,...
electron multiplying CCD
A CCD device in which a solid-state electron multiplying register has been added to the end of the normal serial register....
shot noise
Noise generated by the random variations in the number and velocity of the electrons from an emitter.
coherent noise
The manifestation of light from scatterers outside the plane of the object in coherent light systems. The output of these...
optical power spectrum
Also known as the Wiener spectrum or the noise power spectrum, the optical power spectrum is a fundamental quantity in...
quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of secure communication that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to...
machine vision lighting
Machine vision lighting refers to the use of specific lighting techniques and equipment in the field of machine vision,...
synchronous detector
A detector sensitive only to signals close to or at a particular frequency that is the same as the frequency of a control...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
noise
The unwanted and unpredictable fluctuations that distort a received signal and hence tend to obscure the desired message....
FTIR spectrometer
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...
photoresponse nonuniformity
Noise created by patterns imaged on a CCD surface. Pixel sensitivity is altered by responsivity during illumination.
optical noise
Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...
microphonic noise
Output noise in a laser beam resulting from acoustic disturbances of mirror separation or orientation. Such disturbances may...
image restoration
Filtering procedures aimed at estimating the original image by removing the blurring and noise suppression that occur during...
mode interference noise
A condition causing variation in output power that is eliminated by mode locking.
signal-to-noise ratio
The ratio of the power in a desired signal to the undesirable noise present in the absence of a signal.
CCD image sensor
A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...
blue noise
Noise over a specified frequency range, in which the spectral density is proportional to the frequency instead of being...
Jansky noise
Phrase applied to any noise of extraterrestrial origin, named for the engineer who discovered the phenomenon.
ambient noise
The all-encompassing noise associated with a given environment, usually being a composite of a number of sources, far and...
detector-Dewar assembly
A detector-Dewar assembly typically refers to a combination of a detector and a Dewar flask used in scientific instruments,...
bias frame
A frame taken with a CCD camera over an exposure length of zero seconds with the lens cap on or the shutter closed and no...
signal-induced noise
Noise generated in the flow of current in the photomultiplier, produced by the intentional or controlled application of...
coded aperture imaging
An imaging process in which the single opening of a simple pinhole camera is replaced with many openings called,...
optical character recognition
Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that is used to convert printed or handwritten text into...
modal noise
In an optical system, noise created by mode-dependent optical losses and variations in the distribution of radiant power...
machine vision
Machine vision, also known as computer vision or computer sight, refers to the technology that enables machines, typically...
plasma noise
Introduced into the laser beam from localized fluctuations in current density within the plasma itself. These fluctuations...
pink noise
 epifluorescence microscopy
Fluorescence imaging technique in which the excitation light from the objective is directed into the sample producing...
detector array
A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....
infrared detector
An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...
random noise
Essentially, noise that cannot be predicted. Therefore, even if the magnitude of sound or oscillation in a system is known...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
quantum sensing
Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...
scientific CMOS camera
A scientific CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) camera is a type of digital camera specifically designed for...
sky noise
Variations in signal detected on a bolometer that are caused by instabilities in the temperature of the sky.
relative intensity noise
The inherent laser amplitude noise relative to the average optical power produced by the laser; the RIN decreases rapidly as...
coadding
A method of improving the signal-to-noise ratio of an interferogram by adding another interferogram to it.
correlated double sampling
A technique for removing thermal noise and drift from focal plane assemblies by sampling the system output between views of...
spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
boxcar averager
An instrument for detecting and analyzing repetitive signals. Using a fixed time delay or "gate," the input signal...
scintillation detector
A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...
power modulation
Power modulation refers to the intentional variation of power levels in a signal, often in the context of electronic...
noise equivalent delta temperature
In a thermal imaging system, the change in temperature that yields a signal-to-noise ratio of unity.
fixed-pattern noise
Fixed-pattern noise is the measure of the static (nontemporal) differences between pixels when the detector is evenly...
noise equivalent power
At a given modulation frequency, wavelength, and for a given effective noise bandwidth, the radiant power that produces a...
thermal noise-limited operation
Operation in which the minimum detectable signal has its limits set by the thermal noise of the detector, the load...
digital signal processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...
temporal Fourier hologram
A technique used to suppress extreme noise amplification during digital image reconstruction that relies on smoothing and...
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...
white noise
The random noise having a spectral density that is substantially independent of the frequency over a specified frequency...
optical channel monitor
An optical channel monitor (OCM) is a device used in optical communication systems to monitor and analyze the performance of...
autocorrelator
A signal-averaging device that improves signal-to-noise ratio by comparing a sampled signal with a time-delayed form of...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...
mode sweeping
A form of laser output noise that is caused by thermal, mechanical, or acoustical disturbances of the cavity length. Mode...
bias buildup
Degradation factor in coherent light systems where the amplitude of the recorded signal is decreased as the number of object...
quantum noise
Noise generated within an optical communications system link that has both internal (dark current) and external (background...
thick-phase material
A type of recording material, usually a photodielectric polymer, offering in situ development mechanisms because of its...
CID camera
CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...
ambient light
Light present in the environment around a detecting or interpreting device, especially a machine vision system, and...
carrier-to-noise ratio
The ratio of the power of the carrier wave to that of unwanted signal distortions, or noise, before any nonlinear signal...
dark noise
The noise produced in a photodetector when the photocathode is shielded from all external optical radiation and operating...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
flicker noise
Any noise with a power spectral density that is the inverse of the signal's frequency and is therefore most significant for...
excess noise factor
A factor, F, indicating the increase in shot noise in an avalanche photodiode as compared with the ideal multiplier, which...
detector noise-limited operation
In optical communication systems, operations in which the amplitude of the pulses, as opposed to their width, determines the...
mode partitioning
The pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in power distribution among modes of a Fabry-Perot laser, which can result in...
quantum-limited operation
Operation in which the minimum detectable signal is set because of variations in the average signal current; e.g., quantum...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
noise current
Any noise or current fluctuation that prevents precise measurement of the signal current. Both dark current and signal...

(94 results found)

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