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processing Dictionary Terms

self-phase modulation
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that occurs when an intense laser beam passes through a...
Ti:sapphire laser
A Ti:sapphire laser is a type of solid-state laser that utilizes a titanium-doped sapphire crystal as the gain medium. The...
hyperspectral imaging camera
A hyperspectral imaging camera is a sophisticated imaging device capable of capturing and processing data across a wide...
color center
A color center, in the context of materials science and condensed matter physics, refers to a specific type of...
phase mask
In optics and photolithography, a phase mask refers to a device that modifies the phase of light waves passing through it....
morphological processing
A set of algorithms used to study the structural and spatial characteristics of objects in a digitized image for...
sensitometer
An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...
vacuum chamber
A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment,...
light field
The term light field refers to the spatial distribution of light rays traveling in all directions through a given space. It...
windowing
A technique for reducing data processing requirements by electronically defining only a small portion of the image to be...
edge enhancement
In image processing, any operation that strengthens information about the edges of objects displayed. Three types of spatial...
dilation
In image processing, a morphology operator in which a structuring element or probe of a particular shape is moved over the...
image restoration
Filtering procedures aimed at estimating the original image by removing the blurring and noise suppression that occur during...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
micro-ring resonator
A micro-ring resonator is a compact optical device that utilizes the resonant behavior of light within a small ring-shaped...
edge detection
In image processing, the location of edges by employing templates that respond to the first or second derivative of...
cathode-ray output
A term used in data processing to describe a cathode-ray tube that displays graphic or character data.
charge-injection device
A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a...
Nd:YAG laser
Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...
multiple instruction/multiple data
A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby all the processing elements are operating under their own local...
photonic integrated circuit
A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...
infrared light source
An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...
supercontinuum
Supercontinuum refers to a broad spectrum of light that spans a wide range of wavelengths, typically from the visible to the...
quantizer
A device with a limited number of possible output values (sometimes able to be selected) that can translate an incoming...
qubit
A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing and quantum information...
nonlinear optical processing
Derivative of the half-tone screen process involving the fabrication of a binary pulse-width modulated copy of the...
electromagnon
An electromagnon is a quasiparticle excitation that combines aspects of both magnetism and electric polarization in a...
GigE
GigE, short for gigabit Ethernet, refers to a standard for high-speed Ethernet communication, capable of transmitting data...
optical coherence tomography imaging system
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
beam shaper
A beam shaper is an optical device or system designed to modify the spatial profile or intensity distribution of a laser or...
solid-state laser
A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...
direct laser interference patterning
Also called DLIP, a high-speed, high-resolution processing technique that uses high-power, pulsed laser systems to directly...
digital-to-analog converter
In image processing, a device that transforms the digital data into an analog video image that can be viewed on a monitor or...
whole slide imaging
Whole slide imaging (WSI), also known as virtual slide microscopy or digital pathology, is a technology that involves the...
logarithmic transformation
One class of nonlinear space-invariant transformation processes used for processing convolved and multiplied signals.
scientific CMOS camera
A scientific CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) camera is a type of digital camera specifically designed for...
CID camera
CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...
array processor
In image processing, a specially designed programmable computer peripheral that attaches to the host system for the purpose...
binary thresholding
An imaging technique that labels all gray pixels as either black or white before processing begins.
fiber optic transceiver
A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...
liquid crystal light valve
A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...
digital optical processing
The scanning of photographs or transparencies of images, either by a vidicon camera or flying spot scanner, for the...
integrated optical circuit
An optical circuit, either monolithic or hybrid, composed of active and passive components, used for coupling between...
remote inspection
Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...
photolithography
Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...
fiber optic gyroscope
A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...
heterodyning
In optical communications, the translation of optical signals into radio signals, lowering their frequency in detection from...
transducer
A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...
internet of things
The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...
frame grabber
Image processing peripheral that converts video images from cameras into digital format and transfers these digital images...
excimer laser
An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...
machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and...
sample-and-hold circuit
A device that acquires a signal and then stores it for a specified period of time before processing, and used, for example,...
point processing
In digital image processing, a subcategory of frame processing that transforms pixel brightness and contrast through use of...
nanophotonics
Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...
fused quartz and silica
Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...
light frame
The term for an image captured by a detector and from which a dark frame, bias frame and/or flat-field frame can be...
Weissenberg method
The Weissenberg method, named after the German physicist Karl Weissenberg, is a technique used in x-ray crystallography for...
pixel group processing
In digital image processing, a subcategory of frame processing that treats each pixel in terms of its relationship to...
dithering
In image processing, modifying the dot that forms the image in order to simulate a series of gray tones.
q-switched operation
Q-switched operation, or q-switching, is a technique used in lasers to produce short and intense pulses of light. The term...
sapphire optical fiber
Sapphire optical fiber is a type of optical fiber made from single-crystal sapphire, which is a form of aluminum oxide...
digital densitometry
Pictorial information processing in which the processed picture shows a family of equidensity lines or bands coded with...
event-based sensor
An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...
scanner
1. A device used to trace out an object and build up an image. One of the most common of these types is video scanning. The...
azimuthal polarization
Azimuthal polarization refers to a specific polarization state of light where the electric field vector of the...
plasmonics
Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...
fiber laser
A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...
free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...
piezoresistance
Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...
half bandwidth
The term half bandwidth (HBW) generally refers to the width of a spectral band or frequency range at half of its maximum...
galvanometric scanner
A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...
raster image processor
In imaging technology, a device that converts raster or line-scan data to pixel form for further processing.
digital signal processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...
bismuth silicon oxide
A photorefractive material used in image processing, holography and optical switching.
chalcogenide
Chalcogenide refers to a class of compounds containing elements from group 16 of the periodic table, which includes sulfur...
slicing and cutting machines - for crystals, quartz, glass, etc.
A crystal, glass, or quartz slicing and cutting machine is a specialized piece of equipment used in the manufacturing...
neuromorphic
Neuromorphic refers to the design and development of computing systems or devices that are inspired by the structure and...
GaAlAs laser
A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...
low-pass filter
In digital image processing, a method of convolution that reduces random noise by replacing the value of each pixel with the...
photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the...
blue diode laser
A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...
Dogmar/Aviar lens
A general-purpose lens, also known as the Celor lens, used widely in photography and commercial processing; it has the form...
thresholding
The process of defining a specific intensity level for determining which of two values will be assigned to each pixel in...
laser diode module
A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...
phase distrortion
Phase distortion refers to a change in the phase relationships between different frequency components of a signal. In the...
Dammann grating
A Dammann grating is a type of diffractive optical element (DOE) used to create an array of equally spaced,...
laser ablation
Laser ablation is a process that involves the removal or erosion of material from a target surface using laser energy. This...
quantum well
A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...
optical gate
An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...
image centroid
Often referred to as the geometric center of a given image or image plane, the centroid of an image is a fixed point located...
lithography
Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
edge following
In image processing, a segmentation algorithm for isolating a region in an image by following its edge.
microchannel spatial light modulator
A device to modulate spatially a collimated coherent beam of light with input data in optical data processing. It uses a...
point spread function
The point spread function (PSF) is a fundamental concept in imaging that describes the response of an imaging system to a...
light fidelity
LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...
machine vision system
A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...
photoplethysmography
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect changes in blood volume in tissues. It...
3D printing
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...
Rydberg atom
The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...
particle acceleration
Particle acceleration refers to the process by which charged particles, such as electrons or protons, gain kinetic energy...
integrated photonics
Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...
diode laser
A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....
frame processing
In image processing, inclusive term for point and group processing.
photonic computer
A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...
smart pixel array
An array of active optical devices (modulators, laser diodes and/or detectors), each of whose electrical inputs or outputs...
microdisplay
A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...
harmonic generation
Harmonic generation refers to a nonlinear optical process in which incoming photons interact with a material and produce new...
buffer
1. In fiber optics, a protective material applied as an optical fiber cover that has no optical function. 2. In image...
microRNA
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...
laser crystal
A laser crystal, also known as an active medium or gain medium, is a solid-state material used in the construction of...
lens testing equipment
Lens testing equipment refers to a range of specialized tools and instruments used to evaluate the optical performance,...
gray levels
In image processing, machine vision and television, discrete brightness values quantized for a group of pixels. They can...
photodetector
A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...
InGaAs photodiode
An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...
parallel processing
In imaging, the processing of pixel data in such a way that a group of pixels is analyzed at one time rather than one pixel...
flash photographic density filter
A filter, partially opaque to near-ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation, that may be made by exposing and processing...
parallel scanning
Parallel scanning refers to a method of acquiring data or images simultaneously from multiple sources or in parallel, rather...
carrier-to-noise ratio
The ratio of the power of the carrier wave to that of unwanted signal distortions, or noise, before any nonlinear signal...
neuromorphic vision sensor
A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...
antialiasing
In image processing, methods of reducing image defects that result from false data. Techniques include sampling, linear...
hybrid focal plane array
A device where each pixel in the detector array is mated with a preamplifier on a single silicon chip, providing sensing and...
word
In digital image processing, a unit equal to 16 bits.
time domain
The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...
mapping function
In image processing, the mathematical relationships that link pixel brightnesses of input images to those of output images...
gradient
In image processing and machine vision, the rate of change of pixel intensity.
electro-optic modulator
An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...
spatial light modulator
A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an optical device used to measure the phase difference between two collimated beams of...
optical fiber optic switches
Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...
infrared camera
An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...
automated optical inspection
Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...
slurry
The name of the mixture of liquid and grinding or polishing compounds used in processing optical materials.
central processing unit
The computer module whose circuitry interprets instructions and guides the actions of the peripherals. Also known as the...
laser drill
High power laser ablation device that by pulsed operation produces holes of controllable dimension on the scale of microns....
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
spatial filtering
In image processing, the enhancement of an image by increasing or decreasing its spatial frequencies.
lens blank
A lens blank is a piece of optical material in a raw, unfinished state, typically in the form of a disk or block, from which...
ray tracing
Ray tracing is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to simulate the way light interacts with objects in a scene....
image transformation
The processing of an image or portion of an image by transform coding and analysis. Fourier, Hadamand, Kronecker and...
machine vision
Machine vision, also known as computer vision or computer sight, refers to the technology that enables machines, typically...
morphology
In image processing, the study of structure or form of objects in an image.
rare-earth elements
Rare-earth elements (REEs) are a group of seventeen chemical elements found in the Earth's crust, characterized by their...
selective laser melting
Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that belongs to the powder bed...
femtosecond laser
A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...
fiber optic spectrometer
A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...
CoaXPress
CoaXPress (CoaXPress or CXP) is a standardized digital interface and communication protocol used primarily in machine vision...
microbubble resonator
A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...
stitching
The process of creating a large, panoramic image by aligning and joining a set of smaller images. Image processing is used...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
resolution
1. In optics, the ability of a lens system to reproduce the points, lines and surfaces in an object as separate entities in...
posterization
In image processing, the effect caused by large jumps between gray levels, rather than a gradual change.
magnetic bubble film
An amorphous film in which cylindrical bubbles of reverse magnetization can be formed to follow circuit paths usually made...
speckle imaging
A technique for obtaining improved resolution of images produced by large telescopes and distorted by the effects of...
computer-generated holographic scanner
A phase reflection scanner that eliminates the need for a complex translation device while maintaining a high-energy-density...
digital image processing
The technique by which an analog image is converted by any of several means into a finite array of points, each represented...
Kerr soliton
A Kerr soliton refers to a specific type of soliton, a self-reinforcing wave packet, that arises in nonlinear optical...
single instruction/multiple data
A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby the processing elements are directed by a single, central...
barcode scanner
An optical scanning device designed to read information printed in the form of bars of different size by detection and...
diode-pumped solid-state laser
A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...
optical character recognition
Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that is used to convert printed or handwritten text into...
nanostructured glass
A unique glass made up of nano-structured materials to create millimeter sized monolithic glass space-variant polarization...
cursor
On a display monitor, a small, mobile rectangle, cross-hair or pointer that locates a feature in an image that is the object...
photonics
The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The...
holographic particle velocimetry
A method of measuring flow velocity by seeding the flow with neutrally buoyant particles and using a pulsed laser to...
polymer
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...
embedded vision
Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...
laser annealing
Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...
nitrogen vacancy
A nitrogen vacancy (NV) refers to a specific type of defect or impurity in a crystal lattice where a nitrogen atom replaces...
pseudocolor
In image processing, generating a color image from monochrome data by assigning a color to each of the gray levels.
continuous wave
Continuous wave (CW) refers to a type of signal or transmission where the signal is constant and does not vary with time. In...
flat-field frame
A frame taken with a CCD camera of a surface that is evenly illuminated by diffuse light. This frame shows irregularities in...
median filtering
In image processing, a method of local smoothing by replacing each pixel with the median gray level of neighboring pixels.
lookup table
In image processing, the memory that stores the values for the point processes. Input pixel values are those for the...
Camera Link HS
Camera Link HS (high speed) is a standard developed for high-speed digital data transmission in machine vision and...
lattice
In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...
drum scanner
An image-processing device that scans in a straight line parallel to the axis of a rotating cylinder to which the material...
magnon
A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...
opening
In morphological image processing, a series of erosions followed by the same number of dilations.
rare earth dopants
Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...
deep learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to model and solve complex...
gray scale
In image processing, the range of available gray levels. In an 8-bit system, the gray scale contains values from 0 to 255.
multichannel spectral analyzer
A spectrometric instrument that detects radiation simultaneously in multiple channels, sorts it spectrally from the deep...
aliasing
In image processing, the result of a sampling frequency that is too slow to preserve the spatial frequencies of the image....
transputer
A computer whose architecture contains several CPU chips arranged in parallel. Often used in image processing systems.
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
pipeline
In image processing and elsewhere, generally an adjective to describe an assembly-line arrangement for performing a task....
kinoform filter
A computer-generated kinoform used for data processing because of its use of incoherent light and its wide field of view,...
hologram
An interference pattern that is recorded on a high-resolution plate, the two interfering beams formed by a coherent beam...
laser optics
Laser optics refers to a broad category of optical components and systems designed for manipulating and controlling laser...
augmented reality
Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that integrates digital information, typically in the form of computer-generated...
photostatic camera
A type of copying camera in which the object is placed on a horizontal easel and photographed by a horizontal camera above...
ultrafast pulsed laser
An ultrafast pulsed laser is a type of laser that emits extremely short pulses of light with durations typically on the...
rapid access system
A photographic camera and processing system used to form a usable record of the subject in a short time, usually a few...
erosion
In image processing, a morphology operator in which a structuring element or probe of a particular shape is moved over the...
feature extraction
In image processing and machine vision, the process in which an initial measurement pattern or some subsequence of...
region-of-interest processing
Image processing operations performed on one area of an image.
spline function
Potential alternative to the conventional pulse approximation method of digital image processing because of its highly...
optical noise
Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...
motion controller
In optics, a motion controller refers to a device or system that precisely controls the movement of optical components, such...
electronic windowing
In target tracking, a technique for speeding up the image processing by removing bunches of pixels that are outside the area...
coded aperture imaging
An imaging process in which the single opening of a simple pinhole camera is replaced with many openings called,...
scintillation detector
A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...
phototheodolite
A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...
nanoimprint lithography
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...
nonlinear optics
Nonlinear optics is a branch of optics that studies the optical phenomena that occur when intense light interacts with a...
system on chip
Abbreviated SoC. A single chip containing all the electronic circuits required for a complete, working product. SoCs are...
frequency domain
The frequency domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to represent signals and data in terms of their...
geometric operations
In image processing, mathematical operations that change spatial geometry, as for instance scaling, translating, rotating or...
structuring element
The pattern used as a probe in morphological image processing to manipulate the size and shape of objects in an image.
hyperspectral imaging
Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced imaging technique that captures and processes information from across the...
real-time processing
The ability of a vision system to interpret an image in a short enough time to keep pace with most operations.
brightness resolution
The degree to which a pixel in a digital image represents the analog brightness of the corresponding point in the original...
GaN distributed feedback lasers
GaN (gallium nitride) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers refer to a specific type of semiconductor laser based on Gallium...
coherent communications
A fiber optic communications system that works on the principles of homodyning or heterodyning. The transmitting laser...
digital holographic microscopy
Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and digital image processing...
YAG crystal
A YAG crystal refers to a solid-state crystal made of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), which is a synthetic crystalline...
hybrid mosaic on stacked silicon
A sensor module used in advanced pattern recognition systems, containing signal-processing integrated circuits stacked and...
enhanced graphic adaptor
An image processing device that displays pseudocolor images by assigning colors to the gray scales according to look-up...
optical Fourier transform
The optical Fourier transform is a mathematical operation applied to optical signals that involves transforming a spatial...
masking
In image processing, the assigning of certain portions (or pixels) of an image a constant value of either 0 (black) or 1...
closing
In morphological image processing, a series of dilations followed by the same number of erosions.
pixel
A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest controllable element of a digital image or display. It is a...
delay line
A device used to delay transmission of a signal for functions such as memory loops, sequential processing or built-in...

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