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speed Dictionary Terms

emulsion speed
The sensitivity of a photographic emulsion when exposed to light, provided that the film is developed through a standard process.
streak camera
A high-speed cine camera used to record, on a continuously moving film, very brief events such as a flash of light. The...
indium phosphide
Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...
low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit (LEO) refers to a region in space that is relatively close to Earth's surface, typically characterized by...
optical switching
Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...
optical coherence tomography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used in medical and scientific fields to capture...
optical gate
An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...
near-infrared spectroscopy
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive analytical technique that uses the near-infrared region of the...
selective laser melting
Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that belongs to the powder bed...
gradient-index profile
The term gradient-index profile refers to a specific type of refractive index distribution within an optical material. In...
Topogon lens
A symmetrical, very wide-angle lens. Well-corrected for spherical aberration and color, the Topogon can cover fields up to...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
electronic windowing
In target tracking, a technique for speeding up the image processing by removing bunches of pixels that are outside the area...
digital camera
A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...
photon
A quantum of electromagnetic energy of a single mode; i.e., a single wavelength, direction and polarization. As a unit of...
torque
A calculated measure of the ability of an incident force to cause an object to spin. The spin speed of any given object is a...
galvanometric scanner
A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...
raster scan display
A display in which regeneration takes place serially at a fixed speed in a set pattern through the scan lines.
electrolytic shutter
A high-speed shutter, similar to a Kerr cell, that uses the birefringence produced in a liquid during the passage of an...
extraordinary ray
A ray that has a nonisotropic speed in a doubly refracting crystal. It does not necessarily obey Snell's law upon refraction...
STED microscopy
STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...
Fizeau toothed wheel
A device used to measure the speed of light by adjusting the rotation of a toothed wheel so that light passing through one...
computer numerically controlled grinding
Computer numerically controlled (CNC) grinding is a manufacturing process that utilizes computerized controls and precision...
tessar lens
A lens similar to the Cooke triplet anastigmat, with the rear crown achromatized for improved coverage and definition. It is...
optical delay camera
A type of high-speed cine camera that uses different image paths and a Kerr cell to produce a series of successive images at...
laser marking
Laser marking is a process in which a laser beam is used to mark or engrave a surface by altering its properties or...
baud
A unit of speed of transmission or receipt of a signal, roughly equal to bits per second; common baud rates are 300, 1200,...
light fidelity
LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...
gravitational waves
Postulated by Einstein in his theory of relativity. They are waves traveling at the speed of light and exerting force on...
frame camera
A high-speed cine camera that produces discrete frames of a continuous event as opposed to the flow photographic record of a...
optoelectronics
Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...
ultrahigh-speed photography
Photographic recording of rapid events at a rate exceeding 106 frames per second.
fiber optic cable assembly
A fiber optic cable assembly refers to a complete unit consisting of optical fibers, connectors, protective jackets, and...
synchrotron radiation
Radiation emitted by electrons when they travel in circular orbits at speeds close to that of light. Synchrotron radiation...
optical phase distortion
Optical phase distortion refers to a phenomenon where the phase of an optical wavefront is altered as it propagates through...
photoelectric photometry
The use of photoelectric sensors to detect and measure the intensity of a light source. This application, as compared to...
CoaXPress
CoaXPress (CoaXPress or CXP) is a standardized digital interface and communication protocol used primarily in machine vision...
cascade tube
An instrument consisting of a high-voltage vacuum tube used to form hard x-rays or high-speed ion beams. By partitioning the...
magneto-optic shutter
A type of high-speed photographic shutter that uses Faraday rotation to produce exposure times as fast as 1 microsecond. It...
APD detector
An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...
exposure index
A measure of film speed sensitivity to light.
Franck-Condon principle
The principle that electronic energy transitions occur at such speeds that the nuclei of the atoms in the molecular system...
fiber optic transceiver
A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...
temporal coherence
A characteristic of laser output, calculated by dividing the speed of light by the linewidth of the laser beam. The temporal...
Camera Link HS
Camera Link HS (high speed) is a standard developed for high-speed digital data transmission in machine vision and...
graphene
Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...
camera
A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...
machine vision system
A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...
synchrotron
A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...
optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...
spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
Kerr soliton
A Kerr soliton refers to a specific type of soliton, a self-reinforcing wave packet, that arises in nonlinear optical...
storage area network
A high-speed network or subnetwork that provides a connection between servers and data storage devices.
cinesextant
An optical instrument used to track and image a test vehicle (target) throughout its flight. The cinesextant frequently...
linear positioning stage
A linear positioning stage, also known as a linear stage or translation stage, is a precision mechanical device used to...
beta fluorography
The use of a short-duration electron beam to record high-speed events that occur in microscopic objects made of materials...
photoswitch
A solid-state device that acts as a high-speed power switch, and that is activated by incident radiation.
gallium nitride
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...
scanning speed
The picture area scanned per second.
III-V material
In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...
high-speed holography
The holographic recording of sequences of high-speed phenomena. With a multiple beam laser, multiple holograms that depict...
DIN system
The logarithmic method of determining emulsion speeds developed by the German standards organization, Deutscher...
scientific CMOS camera
A scientific CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) camera is a type of digital camera specifically designed for...
collisional excitation
A method of lasing in which free electrons in a laser-produced plasma collide with neonlike ions to excite electrons to...
directed energy
Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...
image converter high-speed camera
A camera that uses an image converter tube in such a way that voltage waveforms applied to internal electrodes cause the...
MEMS fiber optic switch
A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...
photonic integrated circuit
A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...
speckle imaging
A technique for obtaining improved resolution of images produced by large telescopes and distorted by the effects of...
free-space optical interconnect
A type of internal photonic connection in an integrated circuit in which a holographic grating is used to focus light at...
laser rangefinder
A laser rangefinder is a device that uses laser technology to measure the distance between the device and a target. It...
parallel scanning
Parallel scanning refers to a method of acquiring data or images simultaneously from multiple sources or in parallel, rather...
hydrogenated amorphous silicon
A photoreceptor material used in solar cells and in drums for laser printers and high-speed copiers because of its high...
line scan
Line scan refers to a method of capturing images or data by scanning a single line at a time, as opposed to capturing the...
high-speed movie camera
A camera designed to record at rates exceeding 50 fps. For frame rates up to about 500 fps, an ordinary pull-down mechanism...
ordinary ray
The ray that has an isotropic speed and maintains a uniform polarization in all propagation directions when traveling in a...
advanced driver assistance systems
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) refers to a set of safety features and technologies designed to assist drivers in...
donpisha
A type of asynchronous shutter device that is used particularly in CCD sensor applications to capture an image of a...
electronic shutter
A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...
centrifuge
A rotating chamber that can be spun at different speeds to generate great radial forces used to simulate different gravity...
contention rate
The maximum number of users who are using a given communication channel. Typically, the number of users at any given time is...
high-speed radiography
A method of producing x-ray exposures as short as 0.03 µs; the primary application is in ballistic radiography.
coronal holes
Solar regions characterized by low density and open magnetic fields where high-speed solar wind streams originate....
birefringence
Birefringence is an optical property of certain materials that causes them to exhibit different refractive indices for light...
electro-optic modulator
An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...
sensitometer
An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...
lens speed
Also known as f number, lens speed is commonly represented as the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of the lens....
swept-source laser
A swept-source laser, also known as a wavelength-swept laser, is a type of laser that rapidly and continuously changes its...
beta radiation
The high-speed electrons and positrons emitted by radioactive materials.
absolute refractive index
The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium.
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...
network interface card
A network interface card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or LAN adapter, is a hardware component that allows...
detector array
A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....
silicon photodiode
A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...
machine vision lens
A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...
optical fiber optic switches
Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
hypersensitizing
With respect to photography, the process used to increase the effective speed of an emulsion between manufacture and...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
black hole
A cosmic phenomenon in which the mass and density of a star pass a critical point so that the escape velocity matches the...
assist gas
A gas, such as oxygen, that improves the speed and efficiency of a laser cutter or welder when applied to the work surface,...
swept source optical coherence tomography
Swept-source optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
Petzval lens
A high-speed, narrow-field lens consisting of two achromats spaced about the aperture stop. Its uses include portrait...
MSM photodiode
A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
high-speed still camera
A still camera with a shutter capable of opening for a time as short as a fraction of a microsecond. An electronically...
motion sensing
Capacity of a vision system to capture an image of an object in motion and to resolve the direction and speed of that motion.
flat machine
A polishing machine designed to permit adjustment of the polisher speed and motion for the control of flat surfaces.
CCD image sensor
A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...
high-speed shutter
A shutter actuated by means other than mechanical springs for timings on the order of nanoseconds. The shutter is used in...
double refraction
The separation of unpolarized light into two plane-polarized elements by a doubly refracting crystal. When a crystal, such...
remote laser welding
A robotic process commonly employed by automakers that enables high-speed and flexible production throughput by using...
polygonal mirror
A polygonal mirror, also known as a multifaceted mirror or facet mirror, is a type of optical component used in various...
photonic computer
A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...
glass spectrograph
A spectrograph having glass as its refracting component and used in cases where speed and high dispersion are not required....
movement parallax threshold
The unequal angular velocities of two objects moving at equal speeds but at different distances from the observer, which are...
relative aperture
The ratio of the diameter of the entrance pupil in an optical system to the equivalent focal length of that system. The...
dispersion-shifted fiber
A dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) refers to a type of optical fiber designed to minimize the effects of chromatic dispersion,...
shutter speed tester
A device used to measure the opening time of a shutter. The most common devices depend on the charging or discharging of an...
dispersion
Dispersion refers to the phenomenon where different wavelengths (colors) of light travel at different speeds when passing...
lock-in amplifier
A lock-in amplifier is a specialized electronic instrument used to extract and measure small signals embedded in noise or...
femtosecond laser
A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...
indium gallium arsenide camera
An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
proximity probe
A noncontact sensor used in the remote measurement of position, speed or other variables of moving parts.
flatbed scanner
An imaging device analogous to a drum scanner, but operating at greater speeds; it uses a row of sensors to traverse an...
Raman fiber probe
A flexible fiber cable with a small diameter that transports light from the excitation laser to the target. Used in Raman...
hyperspectral resolution
Hyperspectral resolution refers to the level of detail or granularity in the spectral information captured by a...
high-speed photography
Photography involving the recording of events that occur too fast to be perceived by the human eye or recorded by...
variable-speed scanning
A scanning technique in which the optical density of the film being scanned controls the speed of deflection of the scanning...
constant linear velocity
Method of disk rotation used for optical disk drives, in which the spindle motor decreases the speed of the disk's rotation...
FMCW lidar
FMCW lidar stands for frequency-modulated continuous wave lidar. It is a type of lidar (light detection and ranging)...
CMOS camera
A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...
3D laser line profile sensor
A 3D profile sensor, also known as a 3D profiling sensor or 3D depth sensor, is a technology that is used to capture and...
multiple-beam laser
A laser having a Q-switching method that allows separate parallel volumes of the lasing material to act independently of...
direct laser interference patterning
Also called DLIP, a high-speed, high-resolution processing technique that uses high-power, pulsed laser systems to directly...
event-based sensor
An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...
scintillation spectrometry
The method of determining the energy distribution of high-speed charged particles by the luminous effect formed when the...
inertial fusion energy
Inertial fusion energy (IFE) refers to a proposed method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy released from...
electron beam
A stream of electrons emitted by a single source that move in the same direction and at the same speed.
laser trimming
The use of lasers in tailoring of such components as thin-film resistors. The process improves speed and accuracy.
Rockwell hardness
Rockwell hardness (Rc) refers to a method for measuring the hardness of a material, primarily metals, using an indentation...
vernier interferometer
A phase-shift interferometer used to detect the relative angular speeds or positions of two concentric rotors.
astronomical spectroscopy
The process of using a spectrograph with a telescope to acquire information on an astronomical object's speed and physical...
line-scan camera
A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...
scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...
qubit
A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing and quantum information...
slicing and cutting machines - for crystals, quartz, glass, etc.
A crystal, glass, or quartz slicing and cutting machine is a specialized piece of equipment used in the manufacturing...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
drum camera
A type of streak camera that uses film wrapped around a drum, which moves at a constant speed to record the changing shape...
GigE
GigE, short for gigabit Ethernet, refers to a standard for high-speed Ethernet communication, capable of transmitting data...
cache
A portion of computer memory that is used for temporary storage of frequently accessed data. Substantially increases...
free-space optics
Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
split-crown triplet lens
A lens derived from the Cooke triplet anastigmat, but with one of the crown elements split in two, resulting in improved...

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