A hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, meaning they have a strong affinity for water. This network structure allows hydrogels to absorb and retain large amounts of water while maintaining their structural...

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...

The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...

A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment,...

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...

Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...

Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...

In a waveguide, the material in intimate contact with the cladding surface, applied to preserve the integrity of that...

Photoelastic equipment and supplies refer to instruments and materials used in photoelasticity, a technique used to analyze...

An optical channel monitor (OCM) is a device used in optical communication systems to monitor and analyze the performance of...

Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of secure communication that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to...

Phase distortion refers to a change in the phase relationships between different frequency components of a signal. In the...

A fiber optic cable assembly refers to a complete unit consisting of optical fibers, connectors, protective jackets, and...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a type of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that uses a high-power...

Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...