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photons Dictionary Terms

soft radiation
Term applied to radiation composed of particles or photons that will not easily penetrate a material because of their low energy levels.
photoelectric effect
The emission of an electron from a surface that occurs when a photon impinges upon the surface and is absorbed. This effect...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
Brillouin scattering
Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...
quantum key distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of secure communication that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to...
emission spectrum
An emission spectrum is a graphical representation or a characteristic pattern of the wavelengths or frequencies of light...
silicon photodiode
A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...
diode laser
A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....
high harmonic generation
High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...
fluorescent screen
A fluorescent screen refers to a phosphorescent or fluorescent-coated surface that emits visible light when exposed to other...
time-correlated single photon counting
Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...
CID camera
CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry and physics to study vibrational, rotational, and other...
plasmonics
Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...
Josephson effect
Characteristic of radiation detectors that produce energy that is similar to the energy of superconductive gaps when...
optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...
cathode radiant sensitivity
Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...
laser cavity
A laser cavity, also known as an optical cavity or resonator, is a fundamental component of a laser system. It is a confined...
infrared detector
An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...
scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...
fluence
Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....
image amplifier
An electro-optic system using, in general form, an evacuated glass envelope with a semitransparent photocathode at one end...
fluorophore
A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...
maser
An acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Predecessor to the laser, the maser or...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
photon counter
A device used to evaluate the luminance of a surface by determining the number of photons emitted from a sample surface area.
superfluorescence
The process in which the normal rate of fluorescent emission from a substance is enhanced by virtue of the optical gain of...
laser
A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...
direct radiative transition
An energy transition concerned with photons alone.
MSM photodiode
A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...
optical gate
An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...
bandgap
In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....
photochemical
The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...
quantum well
A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...
CCD camera
A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...
photoelectric sensitivity
That property of a material that determines its ability to release electrons when absorbing photons.
free-carrier photoconductivity
Photoconductivity that may be extended as far as the microwave region because of the absorption of photons by electrons.
Ultraviolet-C
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) refers to a specific range of ultraviolet radiation with shorter wavelengths than those of visible...
second-order nonlinear optical properties
Second-order nonlinear optical properties refer to a class of phenomena exhibited by certain materials in response to...
laser active elements
Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...
plasmon ion-assisted deposition
Plasmon ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) is a technique used in thin-film deposition processes, particularly in the production...
laser surgery
Laser surgery refers to a medical procedure in which a laser, or focused beam of light, is used as a precision tool to cut,...
phonon
A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
InGaAs photodiode
An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...
quantum dots
A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium...
three-photon microscopy
Three-photon microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that belongs to the family of multi-photon microscopy methods. It...
laser photochemistry
The study concerned with the stimulation of chemical activity by laser light as a result of the absorption of photons by a...
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...
laser crystal
A laser crystal, also known as an active medium or gain medium, is a solid-state material used in the construction of...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
photobleaching
Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...
photon coupling
The coupling of two circuits by the use of a light pipe through which photons are transmitted.
quantum cascade laser
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....
optical noise
Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...
diode-pumped solid-state laser
A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a type of laser system that uses semiconductor diode lasers to pump energy into...
cascade shower
A shower of cosmic rays whereby a high-energy electron produces one or more photons that convert into electron pairs, the...
quantum optics
The area of optics in which quantum theory is used to describe light in discrete units or "quanta" of energy known as...
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
blue diode laser
A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...
light-emitting diode
An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...
internal photoeffect
The effect in which photons are absorbed and excite the electrons; the electrons move from the valence band to the...
wavelength shifter
A photofluorescent compound that, when used with a scintillating substance, absorbs photons and emits related photons having...
photosurface
The surface from which electrons are ejected by the incidence and absorption of photons.
cold atom
Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...
photonic computer
A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...
two-photon fluorescence
This results from the simultaneous absorption of two photons, each having half the energy needed for excitation and...
APD detector
An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...
atom optics
The area of optics in which the wave nature of a particle is exploited to carry out very accurate interferometry and other...
quantum detector
A photodetector in which an electrical charge is produced when incident photons change electrons within the detecting...
photodetector
A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...
single-photon avalanche diode
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...
microchannel plate
A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...
internal photoelectric effect
The creation of free electrons within a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons. The effect produces an...
helium-neon laser
A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...
avalanche photodiode
A device that utilizes avalanche multiplication of photocurrent by means of hole-electrons created by absorbed photons. When...
fiber laser
A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...
Nd:YAG laser
Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...
stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...
external photoelectric effect
The ejection of electrons from the surface of a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons.
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
quantum efficiency
Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...
second-harmonic generation
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that occurs when two photons with the same frequency combine...
nonradiative transition
A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...
nuclear magnetic resonance
A phenomenon, exploited for medical imaging, in which the nuclei of material placed in a strong magnetic field will absorb...
fluorescence
Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...
sonde
A ruggedized scintillation counter used in oil well logging. The cylindrical housing contains a gamma ray source, a...
thermophotovoltaic
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
second-harmonic generation microscopy
A nonlinear label-free imaging technique commonly used during surgical procedures for the visualization of collagen fibers...
CCD image sensor
A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...
edge-emitting LED
An edge-emitting light-emitting diode is a type of LED structure where light emission occurs primarily along the edge of the...
two-photon polymerization
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...
laser output
The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...
optical tweezers
Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...
photoconductive effect
The alteration of electric conductivity produced by the absorption of varying amounts of radiation composed of photons.
single-molecule FRET
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...
multiphoton process
A process involving the interaction (absorption, emission or both) of two or more photons with a molecular entity.
harmonic generation
Harmonic generation refers to a nonlinear optical process in which incoming photons interact with a material and produce new...
transition
The process whereby a quantum mechanical system alters from one energy level to another. During this process, energy is...
Casimir force
The Casimir force is a quantum phenomenon that results in an attractive force between two closely spaced uncharged...

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