Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a substrate, typically a printed circuit board (PCB), without the need for individual LED packages or housings. In COB lighting,...

A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...

A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...

A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...

A colorimeter is a device used to measure and quantify the color characteristics of an object or a light source. It provides...

A holographic camera, also known as a holographic imaging system or holographic recorder, is a specialized device used to...

A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures changes in hemoglobin...

A flexible display refers to a type of electronic visual display that is designed to be bendable, foldable, or rollable,...

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...

An astronomical telescope is a type of optical instrument designed to gather and magnify light from distant celestial...

A laser rangefinder is a device that uses laser technology to measure the distance between the device and a target. It...

A near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the absorption, transmission, or reflection...

Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

A portable instrument that uses a four-sided reflecting prism or set of mirrors to create a duplicate image of an object on...