A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment, typically close to or at a complete vacuum. These chambers are often constructed with materials that can withstand the pressure...

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment or experience that can be...

The angular spectrum approach is a mathematical and computational technique used in the field of optics to analyze and...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

A phase screen, in the context of optics and wave optics, refers to a surface or medium that introduces a phase delay to an...

The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...

Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

Scalar diffraction theory is a simplified approach used to describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves, particularly...

A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

Simulation of atmospheric turbulence for laboratory experimentation purposes, achieved by creating an unstable vertical...

The simulation of solar radiation in the infrared and ultraviolet spectrum for the analysis of extraterrestrial sunlight and...

Simulation of radiative transfer in which each photon is generated by a source and its path through the medium is...

A compact high-pressure light source in which an electrical discharge between electrodes spaced no more than 12 mm apart...

A computer-generated hologram (CGH) is a holographic image produced using computational methods and algorithms, rather than...