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voltage Dictionary Terms

focusing anode
One of the electrodes used to focus the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube. As the electrode's voltage is changed, its...
electrocapillarity modulator
A type of optical modulator with potential application in optical switching and displays, in which applied voltage causes a...
varactor
A semiconductor diode that exhibits change in capacitance with a change in applied voltage; used as a voltage-variable...
piezoelectric effect
The interaction between electrical and mechanical stress-strain factors in a material. When piezoelectric crystal is...
Pockels cell
A Pockels cell, also known as an electro-optic modulator, is an optical device used to control the polarization of light by...
common-mode voltage
An electrical problem that occurs when voltage is not the same with respect to ground at every node of a system, causing...
reverse bias
Voltage that produces current flow in the direction of greater resistance to the steady-state direct current; i.e., from the...
electrowetting display
An electrowetting display (EWD) is a type of electronic display technology that utilizes the principles of electrowetting to...
current transient
A sudden, brief increase in current or voltage in a circuit that can damage sensitive components and instruments. Preventive...
bias
1. To influence to a single direction. 2. Voltage that is applied to a solid-state device.
Marx generator
High-voltage, fast-discharge circuit named after its inventor, Erwin Marx. Its capacitors are charged in parallel and...
laser-triggered switching
A process by which the ionizing capabilities of a laser beam are used to break initiate conduction between pairs of...
half-wave voltage
That voltage required across a Pockels, Kerr or other electro-optic light modulator to retard one polarization electrical...
active-matrix liquid crystal display
When applied to LCD grids, the active matrix is a means of supplying power to pixels by use of a transistor and capacitor....
Zener diode
A type of semiconductor diode used in voltage-limiting circuits; when voltage reaches a certain value, the device becomes a...
modulator crystal
A nonlinear crystal used to modulate a polarized beam of light by means of the Pockels effect. A Pockels cell is used as a...
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...
time-correlated single photon counting
Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...
photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...
piezoelectric transducers and ceramic materials
Piezoelectric transducers are devices that utilize the piezoelectric effect to convert electrical energy into mechanical...
flashback voltage
The inverse peak voltage that produces ionization in a gas tube.
photoelectric constant
The constant that, multiplied by the frequency of the radiation-producing emission of photoelectrons, determines the amount...
extinction voltage
The lowest anode voltage at which a gas tube can sustain a discharge.
kinescope
A cathode-ray tube that serves as a picture tube in a television receiver. The signal representing the picture intensity is...
InGaAs photodiode
An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...
dielectric constant
A number that indicates the magnitude of the shift in a solid of positive and negative charges in opposite directions when a...
thermocouple
A device composed of dissimilar metals that, when welded together, develop a small voltage dependent upon the relative...
dimmer
An electric or electronic device that regulates the voltage going to a light source as a means of varying the intensity of...
electron-gun system
An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...
electron-beam gun
1. A device generally used in a cathode-ray or camera tube to emit a stream of electrons moving at uniform velocity in a...
infrared detector
An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...
dark current
The current that flows in a photodetector when there is no optical radiation incident on the detector and operating voltages...
carrier injection
Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...
voltage contrast analysis
A nondestructive testing method for very large scale integration circuits, using a scanning electron microscope to monitor...
power supply
Refers to the voltage and current necessary for the operation of circuit devices.
optoisolator
An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains...
cold cathode
A cathode that emits electrons, not with the influence of heat radiation, but by means of a high-voltage gradient at its...
analog-to-digital converter
A device that converts an analog signal, that is, a signal in the form of a continuously variable voltage or current, to a...
image storage panel
A modified form of an image-retaining panel that can be used in subdued daylight. This is achieved by adding a layer of zinc...
gas discharge display
A display device that contains an inert gas that gives off orange light when a high voltage is applied to ionize the gas.
high-voltage electron microscope
An imaging device whose technology contributes three specific advantages: ability to study large solid specimens that...
laser diode module
A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...
arc discharge
The electric arc that is a particular discharge between two electrodes in a gas or vapor which is characterized by high...
sputtering equipment
Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....
plasma-cathode electron gun
An electron beam gun in which plasma that is generated within a low-voltage hollow-cathode discharge serves as the source of...
angular aperture
The angle between the most divergent rays that can pass through the lens to form an image. In a birefringent crystal light...
passive-matrix OLED display
An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...
Mills cross (telescope)
The Mills Cross telescope is a two dimensional radio telescope in which the two antenna arrays are positioned perpendicular...
Z-axis modulation
The intensity regulation of a cathode-ray tube by alteration of the grid-cathode voltage.
aeolight
A glow discharge lamp consisting of a cold cathode and a mixture of inert gases. The intensity of illumination varies with...
channel electron multiplier
A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...
breakdown voltage
In avalanche photodiodes, the point at which an increase in the reverse bias voltage causes the current gain to approach...
fiber optic transceiver
A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...
phase-locked loop
A circuit that uses feedback to synchronize the phase of a voltage-controlled oscillator with the phase of an incoming or...
starting voltage
In a laser, the voltage necessary to initiate electrical discharge, somewhat higher than that needed to sustain it.
forward bias
Voltage that produces current flow in the direction of lesser resistance to the steady-state direct current, i.e., from the...
Schmitt trigger
Oscilloscope electronic circuit that produces an output pulse whose pulse width is determined by the time that the output...
analog signal
A signal in the form of continuously variable voltage or current.
self-electro-optic effect device
An optically bistable device used for photonic switching, constructed of a multiple quantum well biased by an external...
threshold voltage
1. Voltage at which a PN junction begins to pass a current. 2. In a solid-state lamp, the voltage at which light is first...
helium-neon laser
A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...
piezoelectric motion systems
Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...
time-to-amplitude converter
A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...
oscillograph
An instrument used to record rapidly varying currents or voltages. An oscillograph may consist of a cathode-ray tube...
PLZT
A transparent lead-lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramic with optical qualities that can be controlled by applying voltages...
dark noise
The noise produced in a photodetector when the photocathode is shielded from all external optical radiation and operating...
liquid crystal display
An alphanumeric display formed by a layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two sheets of glass; a transparent...
twisted nematic phase
A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...
electro-optic deflection
The effect whereby a light beam is deflected by a birefringent prism when its polarization is changed by voltage applied to...
copper oxide photocell
An early type of nonvacuum photocell consisting of a layer of copper oxide on a metallic substrate, with a thin transparent...
multiphase pinned operation
A method of reducing dark current in charge-coupled devices by holding all the clocks at negative voltage during the...
avalanche photodiode
A device that utilizes avalanche multiplication of photocurrent by means of hole-electrons created by absorbed photons. When...
photronic cell
A photovoltaic cell usually sensitive to infrared radiation. It may have a copper base and a film of cuprous oxide. When it...
photon drag detector
An infrared detector in which radiation passes through a doped germanium crystal, creating a voltage drop that can be...
blue diode laser
A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...
thermistor
A solid-state semiconducting structure (basically one of the bolometers) that changes electrical resistance with...
retarder cell
A device that uses nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between fused silica substrates to change the phase of polarized...
voltage multiplier
A device that converts alternating voltage to direct voltage, while at the same time increasing its amplitude.
electroluminescent-photoconductive image intensifier
A panel of photoconductive and electroluminescent layers used as either a positive or negative image intensifier, depending...
lock-in amplifier
A lock-in amplifier is a specialized electronic instrument used to extract and measure small signals embedded in noise or...
time domain
The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...
transducer
A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...
trapezium distortion
The distortion of an image formed by a cathode-ray tube, caused by unbalanced deflection voltages or deflection voltages...
CCD image sensor
A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...
cathode-ray tube
A vacuum tube with an electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at the other. Electrons emitted from a heated...
mixed-signal oscilloscope
A mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) is a type of electronic test instrument that combines the capabilities of both a...
infrared-emitting diode
A semiconductor device with a semiconductor junction in which infrared radiant flux is nonthermally produced when a current...
single-photon avalanche diode
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...
sustaining voltage
In a laser, the voltage necessary to sustain a constant operating current, somewhat less than that needed for start-up.
image converter high-speed camera
A camera that uses an image converter tube in such a way that voltage waveforms applied to internal electrodes cause the...
quantum efficiency
Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
electro-optic modulator
An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...
jitter
1. In relation to cathode-ray tube displays, errors in the signal's amplitude, phase or both that result in small, rapid...
PN-junction luminescence
Discharge that results when a doped semiconductor crystal with a PN junction is charged with a low-voltage direct current....
cascade tube
An instrument consisting of a high-voltage vacuum tube used to form hard x-rays or high-speed ion beams. By partitioning the...
cathode modulation
The amplitude modulation through the application of modulating voltage to the cathode circuit.
Seebeck effect
Characteristic of dissimilar metals in thermoelectric solar cells whereby separate junctions exhibiting distinct...
pulse forming network
A series of capacitors and inductors connected to the flashlamp in a pumped Nd:YAG laser system in order to regulate the...
ultrasonic camera
A device that uses a piezoelectric crystal to convert ultrasonic sound waves, transmitted through a subject, into a voltage...
scanning tunneling microscope
A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a...

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