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electrons Dictionary Terms

scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials...
magnetically focused image tube
A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned,...
photosurface
The surface from which electrons are ejected by the incidence and absorption of photons.
transistor
An electronic device consisting of a semiconductor material, generally germanium or silicon, and used for rectification,...
diode laser
A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....
electron emission
The freeing of electrons from an electrode into the surrounding space.
CID camera
CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...
photoelectric constant
The constant that, multiplied by the frequency of the radiation-producing emission of photoelectrons, determines the amount...
nonlinear polarization
Nonlinear polarization refers to the phenomenon where the polarization of a material responds nonlinearly to an applied...
quantum detector
A photodetector in which an electrical charge is produced when incident photons change electrons within the detecting...
cathode stream
Also known as cathode rays. Formerly, this term described a stream of electrons emitted from the cathode of a gas-discharge...
semiconductor
A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...
ionosphere
The gas of charged particles that begins approximately 50 km above the surface of the Earth and contains a sufficient...
two-six
Referring to compound semiconductor materials combining one element with two valence electrons and one or more with six....
conduction band
A partially filled or empty energy band through which electrons can move easily. The material can therefore carry an...
quantum dots
A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium...
surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that enhances the Raman scattering signal of...
electron device
Any device in which the passage of electrons through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor is the principal means of conduction.
electron micrograph
The photographic recording of images produced by the electrons from an electron microscope. The electron beam carries the...
N-type material
A quadrivalent semiconductor material, with electrons as the majority charge carriers, that is formed by doping with donor...
electron emitter
In a cathode tube, the electrode that serves as a source for electrons.
transmission electron microscope
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a powerful microscopy technique that uses a beam of electrons to create...
photoluminescence
Photoluminescence is a phenomenon in which a material absorbs photons (light) at one wavelength and then re-emits photons at...
electron-gun system
An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...
compound semiconductor
A semiconductor made up of two or more elements, in contrast to those composed of a single element such as germanium or...
nonionizing radiation
Radiation that does not produce free electrons and ions, or electrically charged particles.
thermionic emission
The emission of free electrons by a rise in temperature of the cathode alone.
Cooper pairs
The coupled pairs of electrons that carry supercurrents through the body of a superconductor, relative to a coherent...
image dissector tube
An electron tube that is used as a camera tube for a television system. When the picture to be transmitted is focused on a...
magnon
A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...
cathode
1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...
target
1. The anode or anticathode of an x-ray tube that emits x-rays when bombarded by electrons. 2. The screen in a television...
piezoresistance
Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...
photonic computer
A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...
channel electron multiplier
A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...
gated image tube
An intensified charge-coupled device that uses a large negative charge at the grid to switch off the flow of electrons at...
quantum cascade laser
A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....
camera
A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...
gas discharge
The conduction of electricity in a gas as a result of the ions generated by collisions between electrons and gas molecules.
x-ray image intensifier
An image intensifier that consists of an evacuated tube with a large input phosphor screen at one end. The phosphor screen...
gain-switching
Gain-switching is a technique used in lasers to generate short pulses of light by modulating the gain of the laser medium....
betatron
An instrument designed to produce very hard x-rays by the acceleration of electrons in a varying magnetic field.
Auger effect
The radiation-free transition that takes place within an ion, in which inner-shell vacancies in neutral atoms are filled by...
nonradiative transition
A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...
cathode-ray tube
A vacuum tube with an electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at the other. Electrons emitted from a heated...
doping
In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...
Saha equation
Formula that describes the thermal equilibrium of gas electrons and ions as a direct function of variations in temperature.
responsive quantum efficiency
The number of electrons emitted per photon incident upon a photodetector.
quantum confinement
Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...
undulator magnet
A device used in a free-electron laser to convert the electron-beam's energy into microwave laser radiation by creating a...
Touschek effect
Effect whereby two electrons lose synchronism with the accelerating field and are lost during synchronous radiation. The...
internal photoeffect
The effect in which photons are absorbed and excite the electrons; the electrons move from the valence band to the...
antiblooming gate
A device that prevents electrons from a saturated pixel in a CCD imaging device from spilling into an adjacent pixel. The...
external photoelectric effect
The ejection of electrons from the surface of a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons.
image converter
An electron tube that employs electromagnetic radiation to produce a visual replica of an image produced on its cathode....
bandgap
In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....
phosphor light source
A source made to glow by electrons that are produced either electrically or by isotopes of various elements.
photodetector
A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...
N-type conductivity
In a semiconductor, the state created by the addition of a dopant that provides excess electrons.
optical noise
Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...
electron temperature
Approximation of a system of thermal equilibrium formed by the distribution of the kinetic energies of electrons in a gas...
full-well capacity
The number of electrons that each pixel of a charge-coupled device can hold without overflowing and causing blooming.
recombination radiation
The radiation emitted in semiconductors when electrons in the conduction band recombine with holes in the valence band. If...
absorption peak
An absorption peak refers to a sharp increase or spike in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at a particular...
photosensitive recording
The recording achieved when a surface, illuminated by a signal-controlled light beam, emits electrons or reacts in some...
scintillation detector
A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...
halide
In chemistry, a halide refers to a chemical compound containing one or more halogen atoms bonded to another element. The...
electron trapping optical memory
A method of erasable optical data storage in which information is stored by visible light, then read by illumination with an...
synchrotron
A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...
scanning tunneling microscope
A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a...
backward-wave oscillator
An amplifying device with a wide tuning range in which an electron gun sends a beam of electrons into a slow-wave structure....
image iconoscope
A camera tube similar in design to the iconoscope. However, the image formed in the image iconoscope is projected on a...
scanning electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to obtain high-resolution,...
gas current
The positive ion current created in an electron tube as a result of the collisions between electrons and residual gas...
blue diode laser
A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...
electron-beam drilling
The use of a tightly focused beam of electrons to drill minute holes in substances. The drilling is accomplished by the...
neutron drip line
Prediction based on observations of nuclear masses in the valley of stability that indicates the maximum number of electrons...
anode
The part of an electrical circuit in which the electrons leave (a cathode-ray tube) or enter (an electrolytic cell) a unit...
laser-induced fluorescence
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...
high harmonic generation
High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...
hydrophobic
Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word...
intensified charge-coupled device camera
An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...
synchrotron radiation
Radiation emitted by electrons when they travel in circular orbits at speeds close to that of light. Synchrotron radiation...
electron cyclotron maser
A maser that relies on the fact that electrons in orbital motion in high-magnetic fields will emit energy at the cyclotron...
beta radiation
The high-speed electrons and positrons emitted by radioactive materials.
plasma laser
Operates with light collectively emitted by the recombination of free electrons and ions in the plasma state.
ion
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and, as a result, carries a negative or positive charge.
kron camera
Astronomical detector consisting of a photocathode isolated from the target by a coin value from which electrons are focused...
extreme ultraviolet
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) refers to a specific range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum....
electron beam
A stream of electrons emitted by a single source that move in the same direction and at the same speed.
MSM photodiode
A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...
three-five
Referring to compound semiconductor materials combining one element that has three valence electrons with one or more that...
electron scanning
The deflection of a beam of electrons, at regular intervals, across a cathode-ray tube screen, according to a definite...
electron diffraction camera
A special evacuated camera equipped with means for holding a specimen and bombarding it with a sharply focused beam of...
linear accelerator
A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser. There are several types, including the induction linear...
dynode
The auxiliary electrode in a photomultiplier that gives rise to secondary emission and amplification when bombarded by...
emission spectrum
An emission spectrum is a graphical representation or a characteristic pattern of the wavelengths or frequencies of light...
quantum well
A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...
plasma accelerator
A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...
valence band
In a crystalline substance, the spectral range of states of energy that contains the crystal's binding valence electrons.
light-emitting diode
An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...
Kikuchi lines
An array of spectral lines formed when a beam of electrons, striking a crystalline solid, is scattered. It is used in the...
positron emission tomography
A medical imaging device that uses a ring of crystal/photomultiplier tube assemblies encircling the patient to detect gamma...
hydrophilic
Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes...
magnetic lens
An arranged series of coils, magnets or electromagnets disposed in such a way that the resulting magnetic fields generate a...
superelastic collision
Observed phenomenon in laser pulses in which a large number of excited electrons are created and in which multiphoton...
PIN photodiode
A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....
Rydberg atom
The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...
electron filter lens
An electrostatic device that uses an electric potential barrier to allow the transmittance of electrons at or above a set...
photomultiplier tube
A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...
fluorescent screen
A fluorescent screen refers to a phosphorescent or fluorescent-coated surface that emits visible light when exposed to other...
photoelectron holography
A technique proposed for studying the atomic structure of crystals by measuring the interference pattern generated when the...
Auger electron spectroscopy
The energy analysis of electrons released in a secondary step following initial excitation or ionization.
internal photoelectric effect
The creation of free electrons within a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons. The effect produces an...
microchannel plate
A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...
optically pumped laser
A laser in which stimulated emission is triggered by the absorption by electrons of light from an auxiliary source such as a...
filament emission
The freeing of electrons from a filament in an electron tube as the result of the filament being heated by an electric...
threshold wavelength
The greatest wavelength of radiation for a specified surface for the emission of electrons.
excess noise factor
A factor, F, indicating the increase in shot noise in an avalanche photodiode as compared with the ideal multiplier, which...
Thomson scattering
The scattering of electromagnetic waves by free electrons, whereby the incident radiation and the scattered radiation are of...
magnetic spectrograph
An electron system using the effect of a constant magnetic field on electron paths to differentiate electrons that have...
free-carrier photoconductivity
Photoconductivity that may be extended as far as the microwave region because of the absorption of photons by electrons.
beta-ray spectrometer
An instrument for the detection of the energy distribution of b-particles and secondary electrons.
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
graphene
Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...
charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...
photonic crystals
Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner...
photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...
scintillation crystal
A scintillation crystal, also known simply as a scintillator, is a material that emits light when it interacts with ionizing...
photoelectric sensitivity
That property of a material that determines its ability to release electrons when absorbing photons.
quantum efficiency
Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...
resonance
Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...
ionic focusing
Also known as gas focusing. The introduction of an inert gas into a cathode-ray tube for the concentration of the electron...
attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy
Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...
cascade shower
A shower of cosmic rays whereby a high-energy electron produces one or more photons that convert into electron pairs, the...
field emission microscope
An image-forming instrument in which a strong electrostatic field causes cold emission of electrons from a sharply rounded...
nanophotonics
Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...
induction linear accelerator
A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser by supplying electrical energy to the electron beam...
direct-view storage tube
A cathode-ray tube in which secondary emission electrons form a display of high intensity.
radioactivity detector
An instrument used to detect radioactive materials: alpha particles or helium nuclei; beta particles or free electrons; and...
infrared image tube
An image converter that produces a visible image based on the infrared emittance of the object. The infrared energy is...
proximity-focused image tube
A planar photocathode and a planar phosphor screen mounted in a close-spaced parallel configuration in an evacuated...
collisional excitation
A method of lasing in which free electrons in a laser-produced plasma collide with neonlike ions to excite electrons to...
photochemical
The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...
ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
A technique for measuring the energy spectrum of electrons emitted during the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. This...
electron-beam lithography system
An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...
GaAlAs laser
A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...
scanner
1. A device used to trace out an object and build up an image. One of the most common of these types is video scanning. The...
optical clock
An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...
free-electron laser
A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...
silicon photodiode
A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...
plasmon ion-assisted deposition
Plasmon ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) is a technique used in thin-film deposition processes, particularly in the production...
avalanche photodiode
A device that utilizes avalanche multiplication of photocurrent by means of hole-electrons created by absorbed photons. When...
photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...
image isocon
A television camera tube that preceded the development of the vidicon tube and incorporated a method to separate reflected...
planar magnetron
A device used in the sputtering of thin films, in which a magnet system on the back of the cathode deflects the electrons,...
scanning electron micrograph
The picture formed by the scanning beam of electrons in a scanning electron microscope.
particle acceleration
Particle acceleration refers to the process by which charged particles, such as electrons or protons, gain kinetic energy...
attosecond photonics sources
Attosecond photonics sources refer to devices or systems that generate extremely short pulses of light on the order of...
electrostatic analyzer
A device that permits only electrons within a narrow velocity range to pass through it, while rejecting those above and...
electron-beam gun
1. A device generally used in a cathode-ray or camera tube to emit a stream of electrons moving at uniform velocity in a...
electron-beam evaporation
A method of thin-film deposition in which electrons boiled off a heated cathode are used to melt the coating material. If a...
radio-frequency linear accelerator
A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser by channeling microwave energy into waveguide cavity...
cold cathode
A cathode that emits electrons, not with the influence of heat radiation, but by means of a high-voltage gradient at its...
cathodoluminescence
Light produced when a metal is bombarded with high-velocity electrons causing small amounts of the metal to vaporize and...
image intensifier
An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...
carrier injection
Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...
cathode radiant sensitivity
Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...
plasma-cathode electron gun
An electron beam gun in which plasma that is generated within a low-voltage hollow-cathode discharge serves as the source of...
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
plasmonics
Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...
lattice
In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...
plasma
A gas made up of electrons and ions.
Lorentz oscillator model
The Lorentz oscillator model is a theoretical model used in physics to describe the response of a charged particle (such as...
BCS theory
Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, based on the notion that electrons with opposite momentum and spin...
shot noise
Noise generated by the random variations in the number and velocity of the electrons from an emitter.
nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy
A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...
solar cell
A device for converting sunlight into electrical energy, consisting of a sandwich of P-type and N-type semiconducting...
Pauli exclusion principle
The number of electrons that can share a principal quantum number by preventing identity between any two electrons' four...
photocathodes
Photocathodes are specialized materials or surfaces that exhibit the photoelectric effect, wherein the absorption of photons...
spin-spin coupling
Reciprocal magnetic interaction between nuclei in a molecular system facilitated by the binding electrons of the molecule.
image orthicon
A camera tube widely used in television broadcasting. It consists of three sections within a single vacuum envelope. 1. A...

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