Fine lines, wires or threads used in the focal plane of many optical instruments to point out and locate particular objects in the field of view. They were formerly made from a single strand of spider web; later, fine-drawn threads of glass, quartz,...

A miniature projecting device designed to enhance and reproduce the image generated by a smaller image-forming instrument....

A nonmagnetic instrument utilizing an electrofocus and deflection tube with a photocathode for imaging purposes. The optical...

An instrument providing a continuous measure of color.

Photocells of various kinds used to measure photometric quantities; i.e., intensity, luminance and illuminance. Meter...

The fiber optic connector standard for Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) installations, developed with Nippon Electric...

1. A prism used in some instruments to bend light 90° before it enters the objective. 2. A dispersing prism located in...

Sputtering equipment is machinery used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

An instrument that transforms heat energy into electrical energy.

A crystal that is devoid of any mosaic structure and that can reflect x-rays, relative to the Darwin-Ewald-Prins law.

An instrument used to print an optical image on a specially treated paper. Light and dark portions of the original image are...

Magneto-optics refers to the study and manipulation of the interaction between magnetic fields and light (electromagnetic...

A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...

A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...

An instrument designed to produce an x-ray spectrum of a material as an aid in identifying it. This technique is...

An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...

A device that measures the intensity of photochemically active radiation, particularly from the sun. One form of this...

A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

A handheld navigational instrument used to measure the elevation angle of celestial bodies such as the sun. An image of the...

A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment,...

An antigen is any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response in an organism. Antigens are typically proteins...

An ophthalmic instrument used to measure the magnitude and direction of the maximum and minimum powers of a spectacle lens,...

Potential hazards to a system's application and installation, including temperature variations, chemical reactivity,...

Whole slide imaging (WSI), also known as virtual slide microscopy or digital pathology, is a technology that involves the...

Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of transparent and colorless...

Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...

The adjustment of a binocular instrument so that the lines of sight of both telescopes are parallel.

The photoemission that would occur if a crystal were pure and its structure perfect.

The process of mapping the infrared emittance of an area through the use of an infrared detector and related scanning...

A method of measuring total hemispherical emissivity of the plane surface of a solid that consists of thermally isolating a...

A monochromator is an optical instrument used to isolate and select a narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of...

Specified curved optic intended for maximum collection of light, including off-axis rays, before leaving the exit aperture.

A reticle carrying patterns of various forms that can be rotated in an optical beam to cause variations in the intensity of...

1. An instrument used to measure the opacity or density of dyes, pigments or dispersed particles that form an image in or on...

An aspheric mirror is an optical mirror surface that deviates from the shape of a perfect sphere, having a non-spherical...

The absorption of a photon raising an electron across the forbidden gap from valence to conduction band of the semiconductor...

A camera system used to form a high-precision hologram of the subject on a photographic plate. It contains a high-power...

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) is a semiconductor alloy composed of gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), and phosphorus (P). It...

The illumination generally used in microscopy, whereby the specimen appears dark against a light background.

Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses laser energy to break down or fragment stones in various parts of the...

A device for the internal inspection of hard-to-get-at mechanical parts, such as rifle barrels, sewer pipes, oil wells, or...

An instrument used for video or computer data storage in which a laser optical head is used to write digital information...

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is a specialized instrument used in optical fiber communications to characterize...

The ability of the instrument to separate wavelengths that are close together, numerically equal to the ratio of the shorter...

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

An abundant material found in the form of quartz and agate and as one of the major constituents of sand. The silicates of...

The first nonlinear theory in plasma physics that details the time and space evolution of plasma wave instability from a...

1. A faint second image caused by reflection that is sometimes seen when observing through an optical instrument. 2. With...

An instrument used to test the hardness of various materials. It measures the pressure on a standard point that is necessary...

An instrument devised by Nichols and Hull for use in the measurement of radiation pressure. The device has two small...

A device, either visual or electronic, that emits signals to identify set positions for use in the navigation of aircraft...

Although low in sensitivity (approximately 10-7 m for helium-neon lasers), this holographic technique permits quantitative...

A phenomenon in which high optical power, encountering an imperfection in an optical fiber, destroys the fiber's core and...

A laser that relies on chemical activity instead of electrical energy to produce the pumping action necessary to form pulses...

In computer graphics, the point on the display screen where the electron beam is located before the display instruction is...

An electric discharge lamp in which the conducting vapor is that of metallic sodium instead of the usual mercury. It emits a...

An instrument that determines, or allows a bombardier to determine, the point in the plane's line of flight at which a bomb...

A technique in which a beam of x-rays is directed against a crystal, the atoms of which, because of their lattice...

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...

An instrument usually consisting of a very long interferometer, 3 to 800 m, and a laser light source for the study and...

Light-absorbing material that is applied to the back support of any bright image under inspection to prevent the formation...

An instrumental technique that utilizes the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles as recorded from a mass spectrometer...

Rayleigh scattering is a phenomenon that occurs when light waves interact with particles or molecules that are much smaller...

The apparent difference in brightness between light and dark areas of an image. For a light target against a dark...

A type of liquid-crystal display in which each display element contains an active component, such as a thin-film transistor,...

A flanged or plain ring with a restricted aperture, located in an optical system at any of several points, that cuts off...

Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...

A method of producing high-quality plastic optics in large volumes by injecting the heated, liquified plastic at high...

Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...

An instrument used to record the emittance or reflectance of an object by scanning with discrete spectral resolution over a...

A prism or prism assembly that serves to displace the instrument's optical axis.

An aperture, usually rectangular in shape, with a large length-to-width ratio, and a fixed or adjustable shape through which...

A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing and quantum information...

See inside vapor-phase oxidation; outside vapor-phase oxidation.

Dewetting is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where a thin film or coating spontaneously undergoes a process of...

Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...

A variable focal length lens system that retains the object in focus as one or more lenses move as a unit along its optical...

Instrument that uses absorption spectroscopy to detect gases in planetary atmospheres. Dispersed incoming radiation is...

An optical table, also known as an optical bench or an optical breadboard, is a specialized platform used in optics...

Spectra can be conveniently recorded on photographic film or plates. The portions that are occupied by regions of the...

A quantitative measure of the amount of radiation given off by an instrument, expressed in roentgens per unit of free air.

1. A device used to trace out an object and build up an image. One of the most common of these types is video scanning. The...

An instrument used to measure the coordinates of a point on an object such as a photographic plate.

Diamond turning refers to a precision machining process used to produce complex optical components, particularly lenses and...

An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...

The angle between an instrument's line of sight and a reference horizontal plane.

An instrument that uses optical filtration in order to measure the transmittance for a discrete range or specific number of...

The properties exhibited by a semiconductor as the result of its modification by imperfections and impurities in the crystal.

Trade name referring to an instrument that determines surface distances by measuring the length of time it takes for a...

In the field of optics and imaging, a mesoscope refers to an optical instrument that is designed to observe and capture...

An instrument designed to produce very hard x-rays by the acceleration of electrons in a varying magnetic field.

A forerunner of the modern camera, this instrument had a focusable lens that produced a sharp image on the enclosure...

Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...

A monitoring technique used to measure the oxygen saturation levels in the brains of patients, commonly in operating room...

A countermeasure used against heat seeking missiles to reduce their effectiveness. Normally it involves the emittance of...

A scintillation detector is a radiation detection device that utilizes scintillation crystals to detect and measure ionizing...

1. An instrument used to determine the visual range in an environment. 2. A type of photometer that artificially reduces an...

A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

That length over which energy in two separate waves remains constant. With respect to a laser, the greatest distance between...

Phase distortion refers to a change in the phase relationships between different frequency components of a signal. In the...

The total scattering attributable to the intrinsic properties of the materials through which an optical wave is propagating.

A hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, meaning they have a strong affinity for...

The instrument used to analyze a pulsed electromagnetic wave to determine its time, amplitude, duration and shape, and to...

An instrument that detects high-energy charged particles by analysis of the Cerenkov radiation that they emit.

A structured light device using a rapidly rotating laser to project a beam of light that appears to the human eye as a...

The prism used in a rangefinder to bend the lines of sight through the instruments into the eyepieces.

Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...

A material often used in the construction of optical instruments because of its low coefficient of thermal expansion (0.9 x...

A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...

A unit of energy equal to the amount of energy absorbed by one molecule of material undergoing a photochemical reaction, as...

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...

A blackbody source, often simply referred to as a blackbody, is a theoretical or practical physical object that absorbs all...

A prism is a geometric optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. It is typically a solid, transparent...

Medical diagnostic (x-ray) imaging using laser printers to produce high-resolution digital hard copy instead of film exposed...

An instrument or system capable of both transmitting and receiving a signal.

An instrument capable of measuring the transmitted or reflected luminance from a very small area seen under a microscope....

A diagnostic instrument that uses a photocathode design to see a broad range of x-ray radiation by streaking the...

A Babinet compensator that contains the controlled motion of one prism with respect to the other. This idea was introduced...

A device that prevents electrons from a saturated pixel in a CCD imaging device from spilling into an adjacent pixel. The...

1. The term used to describe any of the many instruments used to remotely record physical dimensions, such as strain,...

An optical test table made up of two outer layers or "skins'' bonded to either side of a honeycomblike core, usually of...

An imaging device originally created to image whole mouse brain volumes at microscopic resolution. The main component of the...

A device that accumulates and stores electrical energy to introduce capacitance into a circuit. Basically, it is composed of...

An optical medical instrument that uses an intense, precisely focused beam of light to stop weakened blood vessels from...

A noncrystalline, inorganic mixture of various metallic oxides fused by heating with glassifiers such as silica, or boric or...

Also known as the Bragg spectrometer. A system used for the x-ray analysis of crystal structure. In the instrument, a...

The entrance slit, also known simply as the slit, is an essential component in optical instruments such as spectrometers and...

A microscope designed with two eyepieces (oculars), permitting the use of both eyes when viewing through the instrument.

Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by the presence of suspended particles. These...

A ground-based navigation beacon that emits pulsed signals which are picked up by aircraft making an instrument (blind)...

Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...

An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...

An endoscopic surgical instrument that includes a channel for the introduction of supplementary instruments.

A piezoelectric translator that moves up and down a spindle like a caterpillar. It clamps itself at one end, expands, clamps...

Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...

A type of recording in which the recording line remains fixed and the recording medium is fed past the recording device.

A stimulus that contains equal energy at each wavelength in the visible region of the spectrum.

Relative to a light source, the frequency at which the source appears to fluctuate in light intensity half the time and...

Machine vision lighting refers to the use of specific lighting techniques and equipment in the field of machine vision,...

Off-axis paraboloid and ellipsoid mirrors are specialized optical components used in various optical systems, particularly...

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...

A spectral signature, in the context of remote sensing and spectroscopy, refers to the unique pattern or characteristic...

Reflectance spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the reflective properties of materials across various wavelengths of...

In vitro is a Latin term that translates to "in glass." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and medicine, it...

The breakdown of the bonds in polymer chains caused by illumination.

Hardware installed on fiber cable ends to provide cable attachment to a transmitter, receiver or other cable. Usually a...

A mirror blank refers to the initial piece of material from which a mirror is made. It is typically a flat or slightly...

The arrangement of two Porro prisms so that the inverted image formed by certain types of optical instruments is the same as...

Also known as integrated exposure. A measurement of light from sources that vary rapidly with time, defined as the integral...

An instrument used to measure backscatter as well as optical return loss and reflectance within an optical fiber system by...

In data communications, the instrumentation connecting two stations: transmitters, receivers and the cable that runs between...

A compact high-pressure light source in which an electrical discharge between electrodes spaced no more than 12 mm apart...

An astronomical telescope is a type of optical instrument designed to gather and magnify light from distant celestial...

A defect of a binocular instrument causing two images to be seen separately instead of being fused. It is caused when the...

An instrument that produces an intense, tightly focused beam of ions to stimulate emissions from a minute section of a...

Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...

An instrument designed to measure the numerical aperture of an objective.

A telescope that produces an erect image. Erection is achieved either by a lens (for a long instrument) or a prism (for a...

A high-frequency pulse-rate laser with an output limited by the heat capacity of the laser medium. Instead of having...

A diode with a semiconducting material, such as germanium or silicon, for one electrode, and a fine wire "whisker''...

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...

When a lens system with a circular aperture is free of aberrations, the image of a point object will appear as a disc of...

Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in...

1. A strainmeter capable of measuring the change in the relationship between two reference points, provided that the points...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

A type of optical fiber loss resulting from the misalignment of fibers in a splice or connector.

An opaque inclusion in glass that contains undissolved or crystalline material. Also known as a seed.

An optical instrument used to determine the distance to a target being viewed. Two similar optical systems view the target...

A process by which the ionizing capabilities of a laser beam are used to break initiate conduction between pairs of...

Also known as ocular. The lens system used between the final real image in a visual optical system and eye. It acts as an...

A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...

A form of shearing interferometer that contains a simple wedged (plane-parallel) glass plate with a nonzero optical path...

A powerful and flexible machine-learning approach that can be used in machine vision to help solve difficult problems....

The gas of charged particles that begins approximately 50 km above the surface of the Earth and contains a sufficient...

A container designed to hold recording material (film, video- and audiotape) so that when it is loaded into a recording...

1. Voltage at which a PN junction begins to pass a current. 2. In a solid-state lamp, the voltage at which light is first...

1. A measure of absorbed dose, equal to the energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a mass of matter corresponding to 1 J...

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...

An instrument for measuring opacity.

An optical instrument designed for the visual examination of the inside of the stomach.

The term quantum refers to the fundamental unit or discrete amount of a physical quantity involved in interactions at the...

The focusing of an electron beam by a magnetic field that permanently retains the majority of its magnetic properties.

An instrument designed for laser technology that is used to extract single pulses from the laser and transmit a portion of...

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...

In biology, particularly genetics and evolutionary biology, the phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits...

Fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time it takes for a fluorophore, a molecule that absorbs light at one wavelength...

Plastic optical fiber (POF) is a type of optical fiber made from transparent plastic, typically polymethylmethacrylate...

1. In relation to cathode-ray tube displays, errors in the signal's amplitude, phase or both that result in small, rapid...

In fiber optic cable, containment of the fiber or fibers within an outer protective tube in which they can move to some...

An instrument designed to measure the proportion of light emitted by a source in the blue region of the spectrum.

Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...

An instrument used to measure the temperature of a source through the use of photoelectric cells to detect and measure the...

A fiber optic imaging bundle is a specialized optical device composed of multiple optical fibers bundled together. Each...

An arc flash is a sudden release of electrical energy due to an electric arc — a continuous, high-current discharge of...

A point cloud is a set of data points in a three-dimensional coordinate system, where each point represents a specific...

Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...

A fiber optic end plate constructed by drawing a bundle of parallel fibers embedded in glass and cutting it into thin...

An instrument designed to measure angles in azimuth; used in general topographic work and military gunnery.

The growth of particular grain fragments in a metal or alloy, at the expense of others, that occurs when the metal or alloy...

A small round mirror on the end of a handle used for viewing inside an inaccessible cavity.

An instrument consisting of a high-voltage vacuum tube used to form hard x-rays or high-speed ion beams. By partitioning the...

Instantaneous field of view (iFOV) is a term commonly used in the context of remote sensing, imaging systems, and optical...

The phenomenon observed by A.H. Compton in 1923 -- that some scattered radiation possesses a longer wavelength and...

A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...

A system of sensors and related instrumentation that allows a navigable object (usually a missile) to locate its destination...

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...

A custom optic refers to an optical component that is designed, manufactured, and tailored to meet specific requirements or...

A near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the absorption, transmission, or reflection...

Gram-positive bacteria are a group of bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed primarily of a substance called...

A crucible made of electrically resistive material through which a current is passed to heat the material inside, which then...

A scintillation crystal, also known simply as a scintillator, is a material that emits light when it interacts with ionizing...

An instrument used to measure the duration of fluorescence emanating from a biological sample to monitor and evaluate its...

A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...

An instrument used to record infrared images of large areas. The recorded data are used to produce maps in false color...

An instrument that uses a beam of light to scan a color transparency, and three differently filtered photosensors to record...

An instrument in which an object's image, produced by a lens of known focal length, is used to determine the object's...

RTSP, or real-time streaming protocol, is a network control protocol designed for controlling streaming media servers. It is...

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...

An instrument that is used to detect high-energy particles by the pulse of the current formed when a particle passes through...

The ray that has an isotropic speed and maintains a uniform polarization in all propagation directions when traveling in a...

An electromagnon is a quasiparticle excitation that combines aspects of both magnetism and electric polarization in a...

Volumetric imaging refers to the capture, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) information from a volume of...

A reflecting prism that is rhomboidal in shape. It has two parallel transmitting faces, and two parallel reflecting faces;...

An aspheric lens is a type of lens whose surface profiles deviate from the traditional spherical shape. Unlike spherical...

In vivo is a Latin term that translates to "within the living." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and...

A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a...

An instrument designed to give precise and rapid detection of changes in tumor growth as well as the location of small...

Three proportional coefficients labeled Am, Bmn, and Bnm, that respectively characterize the rate of spontaneous emission,...

An automatic scanning instrument that is used to study a substance's fluorescence over a wide range of wavelengths. It...

An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...

An instrument used to support optical parts to be cemented, or to be mounted in plaster.

With respect to a television system, a pulse transmitted at the end of each field to break off the cathode-ray beam as it...

A blank area (caused by insufficient inking of the paper) that falls within the range of an intended character stroke in an...

The separation between the exit pupils of a binocular instrument. This usually is adjustable so that it can be set equal to...

Instrumentation designed to permit the perception, recording or measurement of scenes under conditions of low incident...

The measurement and analysis of color using a photoelectric instrument having three filters with broad spectrum bands.

A measuring instrument used for surface profiling and quantifying the roughness of a material. The stylus is placed on the...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

1. The process of aligning the optical axes of optical systems to the reference mechanical axes or surfaces of an...

An instrument designed to record the duration and intensity of solar radiation.

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

Plastic in which the polymer chains become irreversibly joined during molding. The cross-linking can be achieved by heating,...

A sensor generally used for infrared imaging. It consists of two chambers separated by a thin, blackened membrane. An...

Calculated at a given point in a medium as the instantaneous pressure at that point in the presence of a sound wave, minus...

An instrument used for viewing in low levels of illumination by means of infrared radiation. A high-aperture lens forms an...

A thermometric instrument used for the detection and measurement of radiant energy. Its essential component is a short...

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...

A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

The fundamental tool of microdensitometry, the microdensitometer is an instrument used for the precise measurement of...

A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...

A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...

Light diffusion refers to the process by which light is scattered or spread out in various directions as it interacts with a...

Radiation emitted when a quantum mechanical system drops spontaneously from an excited level to a lower level. This...

A mask-alignment microscope used to produce and inspect microcircuits in the electronics industry. It provides flat-field,...

Diamond turning, also known as diamond machining or diamond cutting, is a precision machining process used to produce...

An instrument that uses electromagnetic fields to sort out the relative masses of atoms and molecules.The same way an...

A method for obtaining the optical absorption spectra of solids, semisolids, liquids and gases. PAS is inherently...

A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...

The storage of information via optical means, primarily employing a low-power laser to inscribe data on a photosensitive...

A microscope design that involves apertures inserted in conjugate plane positions inside the microscope, with one aperture...

Brightfield refers to a type of microscopy and imaging technique in which the specimen is illuminated with a white light...

A factor, F, indicating the increase in shot noise in an avalanche photodiode as compared with the ideal multiplier, which...

An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where two or more particles become correlated to such an extent...

A ray that lies in the meridional plane; a ray that lies in the plane that contains the optical axis. A tangential ray.

Also referred to as the width of the dark pulse. This is the time interval between the instant the particle approaches the...

In a general sense, any one of a class of instruments used to disperse radiation, visible or invisible, into its component...

Also known as a pyrradiometer. An instrument that is designed to measure heat radiation nonselectively; e.g., the...

A simple form of astronomical telescope that uses a fixed objective and a focusable eyepiece. The objective forms an...

Also called sine wave response and contrast transfer function. The modulation transfer function is the ratio of the...

An instrument capable of precise measurements of the Earth's gravity. This permits the detection of small changes in local...

An instrument that uses a blackened silver-disc reflector with a shutter to create temperature fluctuations that are...

Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...

Also known as corner-cube reflector or retrodirective reflector. Three reflecting surfaces, perpendicular to each other,...

Epitaxial refers to the growth of a crystalline layer on a crystalline substrate in such a way that the orientation of the...

Lens testing equipment refers to a range of specialized tools and instruments used to evaluate the optical performance,...

It is often necessary to estimate the value of what a pixel would be between neighboring pixels. This is accomplished by...

In television, a lateral displacement of the lines from their normal position due to the instability of a synchronizing...

One surface of a nonconducting plate that is coated with many minute particles of photoemissive material that are insulated...

Topology is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the properties of space that are preserved under continuous...

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a nondestructive analytical technique used to investigate the optical properties...

A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...

The plane diagram produced by plotting one of the three chromaticity coordinates (X,Y,Z) against another. The most common...

Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...

An instrument designed to calculate the amplitude and phase of the different harmonic elements of a radiation wave utilizing...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

In the fabrication of an optical fiber, a layer that can be used to create a boundary against OH-ion diffusion into the core.

An electronic tube instrument in which the anode current varies with the intensity of light incident on the cathode.

A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. It can detect...

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to measure and analyze the optical...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

The circle that contains the slit, grating and primary astigmatic focus of a concave diffraction grating.

A metabolite is any small molecule that is a product of metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within living...

A photographic recording instrument that measures deviation from the vertical of a drilled well or mine.

A biomarker, short for biological marker, refers to a measurable and quantifiable indicator of a biological condition,...

The angular width of a radiation beam. With respect to a conical beam of light, it is the vertex angle of the cone. The...

An instrument used to measure expansion of solids, liquids and gases.

Sapphire crystal refers to a transparent, single-crystal form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) known as corundum. It is one of the...

That wavelength at which the absorption of a given element or system begins to demonstrate an inconstant value.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that combines the principles of Raman spectroscopy...

Capability requirement for optical switches for transmission lines to process arbitrarily polarized light because of the...

An instrument used to detect the fluorescence emitted by a source in comparison with a reference.

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

A diffraction grating is an optical component consisting of a surface with a periodic structure of equally spaced, parallel...

A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...

Contains elements which produce lasing., e.g. gain medium, oscillator mirrors as well as housing.

The partially reflective mirror at the end of the laser cavity that is the source of the beam. It controls the coupling...

A plate of glass, usually a photograph, on which there is a central spot surrounded by concentric annular zones, alternately...

An instrument for measuring the vertical angle of an object. It usually contains an accurately made protractor, a sensitive...

A nonluminous area around a negatively charged probe that is inserted into the positive column of an arc or glow discharge.

The point spread function (PSF) is a fundamental concept in imaging that describes the response of an imaging system to a...

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...

In image processing, the range of available gray levels. In an 8-bit system, the gray scale contains values from 0 to 255.

I/O stands for input/output. In computing, it refers to the communication between a computer system or program and its...

Chemical vapor deposition is a process of applying dopants to a glass bait by flame reactions of gaseous compounds. See also...

The lateral distance between a vertical line drawn through the geometrical center of the distance portion of a multifocal,...

A type of cable made up of two conductors; one conductor is inside of and concentric with the other.

A display device that contains an inert gas that gives off orange light when a high voltage is applied to ionize the gas.

1. A lens situated at or near the plane of an internal image to project the aperture of a previous objective or erector upon...

A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...

The investigation of microstructures by an instrument that generates a narrow, highly collimated beam of x-rays.

A method of measuring distance by recording a single scene from two points of perspective. Surveying instruments can be...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

An instrument used to measure the luminance (brightness) of a distant object. The object is viewed through a small...

An evacuated bulb containing a tungsten filament that is heated by passing an electric current through it. In domestic light...

A small handheld instrument consisting of a slit and collimator that feeds light into a small direct-vision dispersing...

An instrument designed to measure the rate of rotation of components, such as shafts.

In laser welding or heat treating, the instantaneous laser beam power per unit area. This parameter is key in determining...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

Agents used for testing light sources and natural daylight with visual and instrumental assessment using a set of white...

The locus of points in a system along a line that remains stationary while the remainder of the system rotates.

The technology of manipulating light on a micro scale. In optical communications, this is usually accomplished using two or...

An instrument that photographs the spectra of an extraterrestrial object.

Synonym of extrinsic fiber loss.

Computer numerically controlled (CNC) grinding is a manufacturing process that utilizes computerized controls and precision...

Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, based on the notion that electrons with opposite momentum and spin...

A spectrum having some lines that are darker than others or that contrast against a light, continuous-spectrum background.

In ophthalmic practice, an instrument that determines the boundaries of the field of view. It is composed of a 2-m square of...

An instrument for plotting the rotatory dispersion of a substance at different wavelengths.

A type of mirage that creates a distorted vertical image of relatively flat objects so that they appear as mountains,...

The holographic recording of a microscopic specimen whereby magnification is achieved by alteration in a wavelength or...

A technique developed by British Telecom in which the viscous drag of air is used to install optical fibers in narrow...

Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...

Graphic evaluation of the operation of a steam thermodynamic cycle of a solar energy system on which enthalpy is plotted...

The electron emission from a substance or instrument whose surface has been bombarded by a suitable amount of radiation.

A device used to measure the opening time of a shutter. The most common devices depend on the charging or discharging of an...

A type of refractometer designed to measure the refractive indices of liquids. A section of the instrument is immersed into...

The principle that states that optical instrumentation cannot increase the radiance of a source; the radiance of an image...

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...

An instrument that uses an erbium:glass laser to determine cloud height from the ground.

Chromatic aberration is an optical phenomenon that occurs when different wavelengths (colors) of light are refracted by a...

An emitter based on stimulated emission with amplification but insufficient feedback for oscillation to build up.

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...

Any known value derived from standard analysis that serves as a reference to the accuracy of an instrument or process in...

An instrument consisting essentially of a tube 160 mm long, with an objective lens at the distant end and an eyepiece at the...

Variations in signal detected on a bolometer that are caused by instabilities in the temperature of the sky.

Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word...

Sapphire refers to a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that is used in various optical and photonic applications...

A type of glass used in near-infrared optical components, in which germanium is used as a cation instead of silicon.

An instrument that measures the wavelengths of an x-ray spectrum by the diffraction of x-rays from a crystal with a given...

A fast-action shutter inserted between one end of a laser rod and the end mirror; when inserted to prevent emission and then...

Spherical aberration is an optical aberration that occurs when light rays passing through a lens or curved optical surface...

An instrument used to detect radioactive materials: alpha particles or helium nuclei; beta particles or free electrons; and...

An inspection device in which the profile of a mechanical part is projected onto a ground-glass screen at a precisely known...

A thermal-infrared camera, often referred to simply as a thermal camera, is a type of imaging device that detects infrared...

An instrument used to measure the change of heat content of a system by measuring microwave power in terms of generated heat.

An optical instrument designed to permit the visual examination of the interior of the bronchi.

The term "embedded laser" typically refers to a laser device that is integrated or embedded into a larger system or...

A scale on an optical instrument that indicates the condition of focus. May indicate the distance to the object or diopter...

A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...

An autocollimator is an optical instrument used for measuring small angular deviations with high precision. It operates on...

An instrument using a Michelson interferometer, a beamsplitter, two plane mirrors and a detector to give Fourier analysis of...

Any source that emits radiation of wavelengths between 100 and 300 nm. Instruments used to study these sources must be...

The region of the cathode-ray tube phosphor screen restricted by the tube and instrument specification.

Fluorescence produced as a result of the intrinsic property of the material itself or the doping of the material with trace...

A type of spectroscopy used extensively in the analysis of biological samples. Because most biologically synthesized...

An instrument that reads alphabetic, numerical and special characters by means of a photosensor that measures the varying...

A beam instability, induced by index of refraction inhomogeneities and component damage of dirt and dust particles, that...

CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...

Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...

Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...

A photodetector composed of a semiconductor material whose responsive properties can be altered by the addition of...

A photon-counting instrument for use in both space-borne and ground-based photometric and spectroscopic instrumentation....

The angular spectrum approach is a mathematical and computational technique used in the field of optics to analyze and...

The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...

A two-fiber optical cable containing two single-fiber cables that are connected by a strip of jacket and that can easily be...

A radar system that uses electro-optic rather than microwave instrumentation and methods to perform its acquisition and...

A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a mechanism describing the transfer of energy between two closely spaced...

An instrument used to measure the light from a scene to be photographed and to indicate the camera lens and shutter settings...

Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...

An imaging device whose technology contributes three specific advantages: ability to study large solid specimens that...

Quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) is a display technology that utilizes quantum dots, which are semiconductor...

The broadening of a laser's line width in a way that affects every atom (or molecule), and thus the whole system, in the...

An achromat, in the context of optics, refers to a type of lens or lens system designed to reduce chromatic aberration....

A type of solar eclipse that occurs when the sun is at perihelion and the moon is at apogee. Because the apparent size of...

An optical instrument used to track and image a test vehicle (target) throughout its flight. The cinesextant frequently...

A telescope so manufactured that the image remains erect and the position of the eyepiece is unchanged as the line of sight...

A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....

The use of a surgical laser instead of sutures or staples to close a wound or rejoin severed blood vessels.

An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...

Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...

A zone plate produced by a computer and having a binary structure that can be etched into a chromium or quartz layer. It...

A spectrophotometer in which the beam emitted by the radiation source is split into beams that travel through the sample and...

Metrology is the science and practice of measurement. It encompasses the theoretical and practical aspects of measurement,...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and measure the presence of specific...

A lumen is a unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of luminous flux, which is the perceived power of light. In...

Dichroism refers to the property of certain materials to exhibit different colors or absorbance of light depending on the...

A small low-power microscope or magnifier with a scale that is used to measure the exit pupil diameter and eye relief on...

A color whose hue is not produced by a single wavelength in the visible spectrum, but is instead produced by mixing the...

The field of view (FOV) refers to the extent of the observable world or the visible area that can be seen at any given...

An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains...

An emulsion in which grains of the photosensitive material silver halide are deposited. Each grain, when exposed to light,...

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes...

A test for spherical aberration, coma or astigmatism in which incident rays from a point source are isolated by small holes...

A method of data multiplexing that can provide large, instantaneous bandwidths for busy traffic while permitting slow...

A phage, short for bacteriophage, is a type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. Phages are composed of...

An instrument used to record rapidly varying currents or voltages. An oscillograph may consist of a cathode-ray tube...

A thin layer of a substance deposited on an insulating base in a vacuum by a microelectronic process. Thin films are most...

A device that combines electronic and optical techniques to form a monitored infrared signal between 1 and 14 µm. It...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

A whole-flow-field technique providing instantaneous velocity vector measurements in a cross-section of a flow that is...

Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring substances. These...

Unlike the thermocouple or bolometer, the pyroelectric infrared detector is a current source with an output proportional to...

A fiber optic cable assembly refers to a complete unit consisting of optical fibers, connectors, protective jackets, and...

A lock-in amplifier is a specialized electronic instrument used to extract and measure small signals embedded in noise or...

A Kerr soliton refers to a specific type of soliton, a self-reinforcing wave packet, that arises in nonlinear optical...

The luminosity that remains in a rarefied gas after an electrodeless discharge has traversed the gas.

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

Instruments used by ophthalmologists and optometrists to study the eye. There are, for instance, the ophthalmoscope to...

A spheric lens, also known as a spherical lens, is a type of optical lens with at least one surface that is part of a...

An optical instrument consisting of a well- corrected objective lens or mirror with a light source and or object/image (i.e....

A graphic reproduction of an object formed by a microscope or another optical system. Also an instrument used to make tiny...

A device, also called a fluorescence lifetime instrument, that measures decay curves of fluorescing samples. It generally...

The product of the actual base or baseline of a rangefinder or heightfinder, and the power or magnification of the...

Unused fiber; fiber that has been installed but reserved for future use. Carrying no light.

A term variously applied to remote sensing techniques that essentially refers to all parametric conditions that influence...

A system that uses infrared detectors and related instrumentation to determine when abnormal amounts of infrared radiation,...

Photoconductivity due to the addition of impurities or external causes.

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

The method by which photographic film is scanned by an electron beam. One technique uses the uniform light of a television...

A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby all the processing elements are operating under their own local...

An optical instrument, generally a polarizing microscope, that is used to determine the interference figures and optical...

A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...

The term perovskite refers to a specific crystal structure commonly found in various materials. Perovskite structures have a...

With respect to microscopy, also called dispersive staining, optical staining the projection of colors through areas of a...

A Laurent polarimeter is an instrument used in optics for measuring the rotation of plane-polarized light caused by...

A 2D profile sensor is a type of sensor used in various industrial and technological applications to measure and capture...

An instrument for the detection of the energy distribution of b-particles and secondary electrons.

Parallel scanning refers to a method of acquiring data or images simultaneously from multiple sources or in parallel, rather...

A disc whose surface contains recorded digital data at high-packing densities arranged in concentric rings. The data,...

MWIR stands for mid-wave infrared, referring to a specific range of wavelengths within the infrared spectrum. Infrared...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to obtain high-resolution,...

An instrument similar to the spectroheliograph, but having a scanning method that is performed by a pair of rapidly...

Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...

A mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) is a type of electronic test instrument that combines the capabilities of both a...

An etalon is an optical device that consists of two parallel reflecting surfaces separated by a precise and known distance....

An instrument that is used to chart x-ray diffraction patterns, such as an x-ray spectrometer having photographic or other...

Spectroscopy is a technique used in the study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves...

Ultraviolet reflectance refers to the ability of a material or surface to reflect UV light. Ultraviolet light is...

1. In optics, the housing, usually cylindrical, that contains the lenses and iris diaphragm of a camera. 2. In fiber optics,...

A technique that combines two or more imaging processes in order to minimize the disadvantages within each of the...

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

An instrument designed to analyze the optical effects of color.

Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...

An instrument for measuring the brightness (luminance) of a scene. It may be a spot meter, covering an area of a degree or...

A network interface card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or LAN adapter, is a hardware component that allows...

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique that extends traditional Raman spectroscopy by incorporating...

A device used to detect and measure small amounts of rotation. The rotating object contains a reflecting surface from which...

A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...

An instrument with a fluid that modulates a light beam traversing it because of the effect of ultrasonic waves passing...

Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...

A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest controllable element of a digital image or display. It is a...

Beam profiling is a technique used to characterize and analyze the spatial intensity distribution of a laser beam. It...

1. In optics, the bending of rays away from each other. 2. In lasers, the spreading of a laser beam with increased distance...

A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...

A substance that transmits the infrared, but which is too delicate or fragile to be used in the form of a single crystal....

A printing process of electrostatic electrophotography that uses a photoconductive insulating medium, in conjunction with...

A glow discharge tube placed on an insulating rod to detect the presence of high-frequency radiation in the vicinity of a...

A modulator is a device or component that modifies a carrier signal in order to encode information for transmission over a...

A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...

An instrument for detecting or measuring small electric currents.

The total optical power loss caused by the insertion of an optical component such as a connector, splice or coupler into a...

Neuromorphic refers to the design and development of computing systems or devices that are inspired by the structure and...

A microdensitometer that contains a scanning stage to provide simultaneous representations of position vs. density.

A hyperspectral imaging camera is a sophisticated imaging device capable of capturing and processing data across a wide...

Photoelastic equipment and supplies refer to instruments and materials used in photoelasticity, a technique used to analyze...

An optical instrument designed to displace the line of sight in a vertical direction. For submarines and other military uses...

An approximated measure of the smallest change in color temperature detectable by the human eye, defined as the reciprocal...

An approach to optical character recognition based on matching the input character against a set of stored prototypes.

A spectrometric instrument that detects radiation simultaneously in multiple channels, sorts it spectrally from the deep...

Any of the photoelectric and thermal detectors, spectrographs and monochromators, thermographs, scanners, amplifier tubes,...

A method that produces low-loss optical fibers. A glass tube rotates while reactants pass through the tube and heat is...

A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby the processing elements are directed by a single, central...

Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...

A substrate refers to a material or surface upon which another material or process is applied or deposited. In various...

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...

1. A generic term for detector. 2. A complete optical/mechanical/electronic system that contains some form of radiation...

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...

An instrument used to measure the refractive index of solids and liquids. Several types exist, the most common being the...

The angle at which photoelectric sensors are aligned to prevent light from being reflected back to the sensor from the...

An instrument for measuring the diameter of the human eye pupil.

A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...

An instrument, similar in design to regular binoculars, that can transmit and enlarge infrared images.

A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...

The series of interference bands that appear in the spectrum when a specified glass plate is inserted into a spectroscope,...

An instrument used to test lenses by utilizing the optical transfer function. It consists of a HeNe laser, a beamsplitter...

A field of physics that deals with light as if it truly were composed of rays diverging in various directions from the...

Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...

A reticle, also known as a reticule or graticule, is a pattern or set of markings placed in the focal plane of an optical...

The slope of the curve when output is plotted against input for quantum efficiency in a device.

The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...

The process whereby a rotating wheel carries grains of an abrasive, suspended in a vehicle, across the surface of the...

A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...

An instrument incorporating an infrared detector assembly, used to analyze carbon dioxide gases and in medical applications...

The perceived brightness of an object being viewed at some distance, especially through an optical instrument.

The computer module whose circuitry interprets instructions and guides the actions of the peripherals. Also known as the...

Dispersion refers to the phenomenon where different wavelengths (colors) of light travel at different speeds when passing...

The separation of unpolarized light into two plane-polarized elements by a doubly refracting crystal. When a crystal, such...

Optical cements and adhesives are specialized materials used in the assembly and bonding of optical components in optical...

Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...

A standard for fiber optic data transmission systems being developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and...

Small tungsten lamp used in surgical instruments such as cystoscopes, and for other purposes where space is limited.

A gyroscope is a mechanical device consisting of a spinning disk or wheel mounted on a spinning axis in such a way that its...

An interferometer spectrometer designed to measure thicknesses of thin films or layers by recording the interferogram and by...

A system for automatic industrial process control or measurement, consisting of an optical module for image acquisition, a...

Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...

The effect in which photons are absorbed and excite the electrons; the electrons move from the valence band to the...

An optical instrument for forming the spectrum of a light source and recording it on a film. The dispersing medium may be a...

An instrument for measuring the radius of curvature of a spherical lens or mirror surface. It may consist of a ring resting...

A photoanalytical instrument for analysis of jaundice conditions in infants that measures bilirubin (a breakdown product of...

The vertical angular disparity between the lines of sight of the left and right systems in a binocular instrument....

An electrowetting display (EWD) is a type of electronic display technology that utilizes the principles of electrowetting to...

Fusion ignition refers to the point in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction where the energy released by the fusion...

An instrument that contains a spectrograph with a grating in which an array of slits, in place of a photographic plate, is...

An instrument that measures the angle at which a prism can couple laser light into an optical waveguide; used to determine...

An optical instrument used to isolate a narrow bandwidth of optical radiation using a diffraction grating as the dispersive...

Any instrument or system carried by a balloon to the upper atmosphere to measure and record atmospheric information, such as...

LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...

A reflection grating is an optical component that consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel reflecting surfaces or...

The control of an instrument or electrical circuit by the current produced by varying radiation incident to a photoelectric...

An instrument that employs the interference of lightwaves to measure the accuracy of optical surfaces; it can measure a...

An instrument in which an image of the sun is scanned by the entrance slit of a monochromator, the exit slit simultaneously...

An instrument for detecting and analyzing repetitive signals. Using a fixed time delay or "gate," the input signal...

A bench with instrumentation including a collimator, a microscope, positioners and a nodal slide used to rotate a lens about...

A photomicrographic recording technique that utilizes dark-field illumination to render an image of an object having a...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

A laser warning and countermeasure system containing a sensor that indicates the direction of a laser beam, and analytical...

A source that attempts to create the characteristics of an ideal blackbody. It consists of a cavity, generally spherical,...

A term for thermoplastic optical materials; that is, those in which the polymer chains remain linear after heating and...

An imaging technique that labels all gray pixels as either black or white before processing begins.

A spectroscopic process that detects and analyzes the discharge from an extrinsic surface with less than bandgap light. This...

A platform mount used to hold sensitive optical instruments immobile.

A nondestructive test, also referred to as LASAT, that uses a high-energy laser pulse that is targeted on an adhesively...

An optical assembly refers to a collection of optical components that are carefully arranged and aligned to perform a...

A small defocused Galilean telescope mounted in a hole in a door. Viewed from inside through the positive lens, a wide-angle...

Custom lapping and polishing services involve specialized processes used to improve the surface finish and dimensional...

Etaloning is an optical phenomenon that occurs in imaging systems, particularly in devices such as spectrometers,...

An optical tooling instrument consisting of an objective lens, a focusing lens, an optical micrometer, a reticle and an...

A position inside a crystal lattice that is not one of the proper lattice sites in the crystal. Impurity ions of the proper...

An instrument that serves to produce an enlarged electron image on a fluorescent screen by focusing an infrared image of a...

A telescopic system having an eyepiece, a reticle and an objective. The instrument measures wavefront power in diopters.

Made up of three components; for instance yttrium, aluminum and garnet (YAG).

Swept-source optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...

An instrument designed to place nongraphic information, usually generated by a computer, onto photographic film. The...

A lens with a surface that is a cone instead of the usual sphere.

A dome-shaped structure used for some optical instruments in place of a flat window. The transparent material should be of...

In a camera, the focusing of an image on the screen located at the camera's film plane. Once the image is in complete focus,...

A breakout cable, also known as a fan-out cable or breakout assembly, is a type of cable that combines multiple individual...

MTF analysis/measurement equipment refers to instruments and tools used to measure and analyze the modulation transfer...

Lithography is a key process used in microfabrication and semiconductor manufacturing to create intricate patterns on the...

1. An eyepiece or magnifier with a scale at its image plane. That scale is placed in contact with an object, permitting...

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...

The term "metaverse" refers to a collective virtual shared space, created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical...

A shift in the direction of the red in the spectral lines of light which, defined by the relativity theory, will have...

A device used to detect elevation, pyramid and resolution errors in prisms and other components by bringing them into...

The tendency to adjust an instrument such as a microscope so that the viewed image appears much closer than infinity.

The area of optics in which quantum theory is used to describe light in discrete units or "quanta" of energy known as...

The frequency domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to represent signals and data in terms of their...

In coherence theory, an optical law put forth by physicist Emil Wolf that explains the behavior of light as it travels away...

Coating carried out in a sealed chamber evacuated by a mechanical pump in series with an oil diffusion pump to a pressure...

A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...

A laser-pumped crystal with nonlinear optical properties inside of an optical resonator in which the output generates...

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...

An instrument for eye surgery that directs intense xenon arc light through the transparent cornea lens to the retina where...

An instrument for measuring the intensity of solar radiation.

The rotation of an instrument (or the line of sight of an optical system) in a horizontal plane; transverse.

Injecting a gas (usually nitrogen) with a very low moisture content into the body of an optical instrument to create a...

A spectrum that displays the distribution in mass or in mass-to-charge ratio of ionized atoms, molecules or molecular parts....

The small central portion of the human retina that is responsible for providing the clearest, and most distinct aspects of...

Calorimetry is a branch of science that involves the measurement of heat flow in physical or chemical processes. It...

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...

A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the intensity of light at various wavelengths in the...

Line scan refers to a method of capturing images or data by scanning a single line at a time, as opposed to capturing the...

A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...

An instrument designed to collect naturally formed extraterrestrial electromagnetic radiation within the radio frequency...

A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...

Optical coatings are thin layers of materials applied to optical components, such as lenses, mirrors, filters, and prisms,...

In image processing, mathematical operations that change spatial geometry, as for instance scaling, translating, rotating or...

A spectrum formed by radiation whose energy values of the property being measured cluster about at least one discrete value,...

Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...

A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...

An instrument that divides a single laser beam in two and uses one half as a sensing beam and the other as a reference beam,...

Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive analytical technique that uses the near-infrared region of the...

Short wavelength infrared (SWIR) refers to the portion of the infrared spectrum that encompasses wavelengths roughly between...

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...

Thin-film coatings are layers of material applied to the surface of an object or substrate, typically to modify its optical,...

A photometer screen that contains a diaphragm of paper or parchment with a translucent central spot of oil or paraffin.

The device, usually made of glass or a similar material, that contains the resonant cavity and optics of a gas laser.

Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...

A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...

A metalens, short for "metasurface lens," is a type of optical lens that uses nanostructured materials to manipulate light...

A nondestructive testing method for very large scale integration circuits, using a scanning electron microscope to monitor...

A type of paper chromatography that produces a chromatogram that is horizontal instead of vertical.

A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite characterized by its standardized size and modular design. CubeSats are...

An optical instrument consisting of an objective lens, a coherent (usually flexible) fiber bundle and an eyepiece to examine...

An optical instrument containing a gimballed sighting telescope, used to measure angular relationships in horizontal and...

A crude area on the polished surface, produced during coarse grinding, that subsequent fine grinding does not remove, owing,...

An assembly of prototype instruments, equipment and/or software designed to perform all the functions of a concept or idea...

Recombination of only the light that is correctly dispersed by the first stage of a polychromator through its wide...

An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...

Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...

A semiconductor made up of two or more elements, in contrast to those composed of a single element such as germanium or...

A contour mapping technique that uses electronic scanning and sampling techniques instead of a reference grating (see moire...

An instrument designed to measure radiation indirectly through the use of several phosphors and a photomultiplier tube. The...

An instrument designed to give a visual indication to the pilot when the plane has strayed from a specific flight path.

A near-infrared (NIR) camera is an imaging device designed to capture images in the near-infrared region of the...

A method used in facsimile scanning that sweeps the elemental area across the copy in a spiral motion as the result of the...

A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...

Also called Geiger-Müller counter. An instrument designed to detect and measure radioactivity through the use of a...

Camera Link HS (high speed) is a standard developed for high-speed digital data transmission in machine vision and...

A region far from an aperture or source where the diffraction pattern is essentially the same as that at infinity. Changes...

An instrument consisting essentially of a photoelectric cell filtered to respond to a specified wavelength region, an...

An aplanatic surface is an optical surface that is specifically designed or shaped to minimize spherical aberration and...

A lack of resolution in a television image as a result of smear ghosts or an insufficiently high video-frequency response....

The area of optics in which the wave nature of a particle is exploited to carry out very accurate interferometry and other...

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a type of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that uses a high-power...

An imaging technique used in radiology that is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to produce...

Contains the light or beam path within a laser device. The oscillator uses reflective optical components that are oriented...

An instrument that uses a photocell to detect and measure the intensity of incident light.

The splitting of an element's spectral line as the result of the interactions between the electron spin and the spins of...

A small half-shade analyzer placed in the eyepiece of a polarimeter to determine the character of the polarized light...

The process of transferring collected energy from solar radiation into a heat-absorbing medium (e.g., an insulated tank of...

A strong, heat-resistant glass that contains a minimum of 5 percent boric oxide.

In the context of optical materials, the term "impurity level" refers to the presence of foreign atoms or molecules within...

The intensification of a latent image, because of exposure to light to which the emulsion is otherwise insensitive.

In optical fiber, sharp but microscopic curvatures that create local axial displacements of a few microns and spatial...

A printing process of electrostatic electrophotography that uses a photoconductive insulating medium, in conjunction with...

See eye test apparatus; ophthalmic instruments.

Noise over a specified frequency range, in which the spectral density is proportional to the frequency instead of being...

Designating any instrument in which both eyes can be used to view the image to achieve a stereoscopic effect, or merely to...

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is an advanced imaging technique that provides information about the lifetime of...

Concave and convex spherical mirrors are types of curved mirrors that have surfaces shaped like segments of spheres. These...

Time-lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) refers to a medical imaging technique that captures a series of sequential OCT...

An instrument that uses a crystal to diffract x-rays for the measurement of the intensities of the diffracted rays.

An emission spectrum consisting of bright bands against a dark background.

A holographic camera, also known as a holographic imaging system or holographic recorder, is a specialized device used to...

A mixture of phosphor with a trace of a radioactive element that emits faint light continually. It is used on watch dials...

Exhibiting the characteristic of materials that are electrical insulators or in which an electric field can be sustained...

Ultrasonic refers to sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing, typically above...

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

A beamsplitter is an optical device for dividing a beam into two or more separate beams. A simple beamsplitter may be a very...

A coherent fiber bundle (CFB), also known as a coherent fiber optic bundle, is an assembly of multiple optical fibers...

A sudden, brief increase in current or voltage in a circuit that can damage sensitive components and instruments. Preventive...

Instruments used for measuring angles and occasionally lengths on the ground. The principal surveying instruments are the...

The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

The metal tube that maintains the optical components of a lens in proper relationship. Some lenses are mounted in metal...

An otoscope is a medical device used by healthcare professionals, particularly ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists,...

A device using a parametric amplifier inside a resonant optical cavity to generate a frequency-tunable coherent beam of...

Structural color refers to coloration in materials that is not caused by pigments or dyes but is instead a result of the...

A technique used for noncontact inspection of semiconductor wafers. The material is illuminated by an excitation source that...

A still or motion-picture camera designed to photograph through a microscope. Photomicrographic equipment usually contains a...

Fluorescence microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique used in biology, chemistry, and materials science to...

1. The process of wearing down the surface of a softer material by rubbing it under pressure against the surface of a harder...

Image enhancement operations that involve altering gray-scale values. For instance, brightness sliding involves adding or...

The range of frequencies over which a particular instrument is designed to function within specified limits. See also fiber...

This term literally means "to lag behind.'' It is quite often used to describe the residual effect that remains after...

A sapphire window refers to a transparent optical component made from sapphire crystal. Sapphire is a single-crystal form of...

A semiconductor formed by applying a particular single-crystal layer to the specific insulator.

Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...

A mirror composed of liquid, taking advantage of the parabolic shape of a spinning liquid and the fact that the mirror's...

An instrument designed to measure the refractive power and range of accommodation of the eye. See ophthalmic instruments.

A type of thermoset rubber used to jacket fiber optic cables, including those used in outdoor military installations.

Compilation of the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories that contains values of the line parameters of the 1-0 bands of...

An interferometer formed by two similar concave spherical mirrors arranged with the center of one sphere on the other...

That property of certain optical devices, e.g., a penta prism, that maintains the angular relationship between the entering...

A photometric instrument having two prisms clamped in optical contact to produce a photometric field with an acute dividing...

A device used for measuring the height of clouds from a position on the ground. Measurement technique uses a vertically...

An electron instrument used to reflect an electron beam totally.

An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...

A portable instrument that uses a four-sided reflecting prism or set of mirrors to create a duplicate image of an object on...

A measuring instrument composed of a microscope and reticle, and mounted on a calibrated slide mechanism. May be used...

A multidimensional array of values that is commonly used in programming to describe a time series of image data. Each...

The instrument used to collect thermal radiation information on an object by scanning. It consists basically of a detector,...

An instrument used to record sound, pictures or both on a magnetic tape for storage and playback.

Convex is an adjective used to describe a surface or shape that curves outward, bulges, or has a rounded and outwardly...

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that occurs when two photons with the same frequency combine...

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...

Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...

Spectral repeatability refers to the consistency and reproducibility of spectral measurements across multiple trials or...

An optical cable that is connector terminated. Generally, an optical cable that has been terminated by a manufacturer and is...

A reticle pattern in a surveying instrument consisting of parallel lines that can be superimposed on a calibrated rod,...

Optical manufacturing tools and machinery encompass a wide range of equipment, instruments, and systems used in the...

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...

A computer whose architecture contains several CPU chips arranged in parallel. Often used in image processing systems.

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...

A photodetector composed of a photoconductive material that, when exposed to radiation, conducts without the aid of added...

An instrument that measures several optical parameters, such as optical power and wavelength, with a single measurement...

A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....

A term applied to an electric charge image in a camera tube that remains for a period of a few frames after its initial...

Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...

A fiber optic device that uses a HeNe laser, beamsplitter, monochromator and photomultiplier to detect trace levels of...

A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...

An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...

A lens that is symmetrical and designed to work between 1:1 and about 4:1. It covers a field of about ±20° at f/8...

An instrument that can preselect intervals, often in increments of 1, 10 or 100 ns, for the generation of electronic pulses...

Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...

An instrument that spectrally analyzes the flux reflected from a material. The reflected flux may be total, diffuse or...

An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...

An instrument used to detect and measure the energy distribution of gamma rays. It has been used to chart the radioactivity...

Laser texturing is a manufacturing process that involves using a laser beam to selectively modify the surface of a material,...

An instrument designed to measure the index of refraction of a gas by the interference patterns formed by two beams, one of...

A small instrument containing a picture support and a pair of magnifying lenses so arranged that the left eye sees only the...

Broadband dielectric mirrors, also known as broadband mirrors, are optical coatings designed to efficiently reflect or...

An instrument in which visible light beyond the critical angle from a metallurgical microscope is focused on a reference...

An instrument for determining the temperature of a hot object by examining the color spectrum of the visible light it gives...

A type of photometer calibrated in luminance units (candles per square unit, or lamberts). In photography an exposure meter...

The resistance of individual grains of an abrasive to breaking down under pressure. If the grains break down under...

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and digital image processing...

Also referred to as a funduscope, an ophthalmoscope is a specialized instrument used by ophthalmologists for observing and...

A family of specialized instruments used by ophthalmologists and optometrists to study a patient's eyes and prescribe...

A photometric instrument used to measure the illumination falling on a surface. It may be photoelectric or visual.

3D Laser Triangulation - A technology that allows sensors to probe the surroundings. Laser triangulation systems have an...

A laser that emits energy in a series of short bursts or pulses and that remains inactive between each burst or pulse. The...

1. The basic unit of length in the metric system, equal to 39.37 in. or 3.28 ft. 2. Any device or instrument used for...

In a crystalline substance, the spectral range of states of energy that contains the crystal's binding valence electrons.

Histochemical staining is a laboratory technique used in biology and medicine to visualize specific chemical components...

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to model and solve complex...

A device for measuring absorption coefficients in which a confined, nonabsorbing gas fills the space inside the cell between...

Any of a number of instruments that uses a flame to vaporize a solution of the chemical being analyzed so that light may be...

Raman spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry and physics to study vibrational, rotational, and other...

A detector-Dewar assembly typically refers to a combination of a detector and a Dewar flask used in scientific instruments,...

The horizontal distance between the 90° meridian of a bifocal lens and the geometrical center of the segment.

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) refers to a specific range of the infrared spectrum. Infrared radiation is divided into three main...

An image-forming instrument in which a strong electrostatic field causes cold emission of electrons from a sharply rounded...

The partial differential equations for the spatial and time dependence of electric and magnetic fields inside a...

A ruggedized scintillation counter used in oil well logging. The cylindrical housing contains a gamma ray source, a...

Retroreflection is a phenomenon in optics where light is reflected back toward its source, typically in a direction nearly...

A process used in the design, repair and customization of integrated circuits. A low-power laser etches a silicon wafer...

The line that divides the two half-images in a coincidence rangefinder. The two halves of the images formed by the two...

Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...

A physical variable that is proportionally similar to another variable over a specified range. An analog recording contains...

A term pertaining to devices (generally optical) designed for use with both eyes viewing through a single exit pupil. The...

The low-refractive-index material that surrounds the core of an optical fiber to contain core light while protecting against...

A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...

An image that is reversed contour or inside-out.

A package for electronic components that is suited for automated assembly into printed circuit boards. The DIP is...

An instrument used to determine the absolute or relative scatter levels of optical surfaces.

Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that possess a cell envelope composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan...

A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance, which is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force or...

An impurity-doped silicon detector array sensitive to long infrared wavelengths, installed in optical collecting systems...

A crystal having the axes of its grains aligned so that they have directional magnetic characteristics.

Made up of four elements; for instance, gadolinium, scandium, gallium and garnet (GSGG).

The effect discovered by Faraday in 1845 whereby nonoptically active materials or substances become capable of rotating the...

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials...

An aberration that remains after primary color is corrected. Primary color causes the back focus of a lens to vary with...

An instrument used to detect and measure radiant energy by the formation of a chemical reaction.

An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...

The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...

A fluorographic method whereby the sensitive photographic medium is pressed against a fluorescent screen to form a visible...

A framework or latticework having an even arrangement of rods, or any other long narrow objects with interstices between...

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and...

Fluorescent proteins are proteins that exhibit the property of fluorescence, which is the ability to absorb light at a...

A calcium indicator is a molecule that is sensitive to changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations in biological systems....

A traveling microscope or an automatic microdensitometer used to measure the spectrum plate obtained in a spectrograph.

The surface of an element of a compound lens that will produce the cemented interface. The curves of this interface are...

A theoretical instrument conceived of as a box that receives a beam of radiation of any arbitrary polarization angle and...

In general, changes in one oscillation signal caused by another, such as amplitude or frequency modulation in radio which...

Postulated by Einstein in his theory of relativity. They are waves traveling at the speed of light and exerting force on...

Photometry is the branch of science that deals with the measurement of light, particularly in terms of its intensity and the...

A photometer that uses a wedge, marked to show its reduction of flux density, to make two light sources equal in intensity...

An instrument used to recognize and identify incident radiation by the ionizing or stimulating properties of the radiation.

Low-insertion-loss fiber coupler fabricated from a sheet of light-sensitive material laminated onto a fused quartz substrate...

An accurate metal prism or plane parallel plate that is cemented to an optical element and remains with it during a series...

The adjustment of the eyepiece of an instrument to provide accommodation for the eyesight differences of individual...

A type of laser used when a great amount of power is required. Avoiding the bulk of large numbers of optical lenses, this...

1. The photosensitive membrane on the inside of the human eye. 2. A scanning mechanism in optical character generation.

An instrument that uses a photoelectric system to determine the size and volume of dust particles in a given unit of air.

A gradual change in the output of a circuit or instrument over time.

An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits or blocks specific wavelengths, or colors, of light. Optical...

A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...

The process by which a substance, usually a solid, attracts and retains on its surface the molecules of another substance.

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

An optogenetic technique that embeds genetically-engineered proteins to the heart to aid in terminating arrhythmias. After...

Loss intrinsic to the fiber caused by parameter (core dimension, profile parameter) mismatches when two nonidentical fibers...

Ratiometry is a technique used in various scientific fields, particularly in analytical chemistry and biochemistry, to...

An instrument for measuring reflectance.

An instrument that uses an image intensifier to aid in the viewing of subjects in low-light-level environments.

An optical instrument that uses a yellow light of varying intensity with red and blue lights of fixed intensity to test for...

A diode electron tube that contains a heated cathode.

The mathematical set of equations showing the relationship between oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are...

A condenser that forms a hollow cone-shaped beam of light with its focal point in the plane of the specimen. If it is used...

A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a...

A dichroic mirror, also known as a dichroic beamsplitter or interference filter beamsplitter, is an optical device that...

In a sequence of laser pulse emissions, the intitial pulse that often helps initiate a reaction at the target surface,...