Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging of biological tissues at the cellular level. It is particularly useful in dermatology for skin imaging but has also found...

A system mounted a few inches above a moving plane that consists of a light source, lenses and one or more phototubes. In...

Phase matching is a crucial concept in the field of optics, particularly in nonlinear optics and the generation of coherent...

An optically bistable device used for photonic switching, constructed of a multiple quantum well biased by an external...

Any device in which the passage of electrons through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor is the principal means of conduction.

A CubeSat is a type of miniaturized satellite characterized by its standardized size and modular design. CubeSats are...

A nonlinear crystal used to modulate a polarized beam of light by means of the Pockels effect. A Pockels cell is used as a...

An assembly of optical fibers that will not transmit coherent images or information because the relationship of the fibers...

Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...

Fluorescent proteins are proteins that exhibit the property of fluorescence, which is the ability to absorb light at a...

In the context of optics and lasers, a transverse mode refers to a specific spatial pattern of the electric field within the...

A document-transmitting process that uses a cylinder that rotates the document to be scanned and detected by a photoelectric...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

A lens similar to the Cooke triplet anastigmat, with the rear crown achromatized for improved coverage and definition. It is...

Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry, is a chemical manufacturing process where reactions take place in a...

Molecules composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid or tube. Also called buckyballs....

In fiber optics, the condition in which each fiber of a bundle carries a separate channel.

With respect to a lens, the reciprocal of its focal length. The term power, as applied to a telescope or microscope, often...

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength-scale artificial structures, often referred to as meta-atoms or...

Image enhancement operations that involve altering gray-scale values. For instance, brightness sliding involves adding or...

The plane in which the axis of maximum radiation and the electric vector are contained.

A technique based on the principles of laser trapping and used to manipulate the position of small particles by gradually...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

Calculation of the probability of an interaction between two types of particles, such as light absorption, excitation or...

The ray of an oblique pencil beam that passes through the center of the pupils. It is the effective axis of the oblique...

The principle stating that two diffraction screens, one being exactly the negative of the other, will form the same...

One of the two principal types of optical glass, the other being flint glass. Crown glass is harder than flint glass, and...

A character generation CRT that functions on the principle of secondary emission. The target holds a set of aluminum...

An interferometric technique for the generation of precision gratings that allows for sequential exposure of small segments...

A corner cube, also known as a corner reflector or retroreflector prism, is a type of optical device used to reflect light...

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a mechanism describing the transfer of energy between two closely spaced...

The simplest method of transmission on a local area network. The entire bandwidth of the cable is used to transmit a single...

A chamfer ground on the edge of a lens or prism. Bevels are used to prevent chipping or to achieve a mechanical fit.

A package for electronic components that is suited for automated assembly into printed circuit boards. The DIP is...

High dynamic range (HDR) refers to a technology that allows for a broader and more dynamic range of luminosity in visual...

A compound lens consisting of two negative lenses of flint glass. A double-convex lens of crown glass is cemented between...

A system that allows the transmission of more than one signal over a common path, by assigning each signal a different...

In a lens or lens system, that surface at which the projections of an entering and exiting ray intersect. Also known as the...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used in medical and scientific fields to capture...

A fiber laser is a type of laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth ions such as...

Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that possess a cell envelope composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan...

A fiber optic communications system that works on the principles of homodyning or heterodyning. The transmitting laser...

Holographic tomography is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and tomography to provide three-dimensional...

The intersection of the principal plane and the optical axis of a lens.

The series of equally spaced parallel slits that make up a scanning aperture in place of a single slit, in the scanning of a...

A measure of the transmittance through an optical medium. Optical density equals the log to the base 10 of the reciprocal of...

An analysis used for problems of wave propagation. The principle notes that each point of an advancing wavefront is the...

A microscope equipped with a polarizer, an analyzer and a Bertrand lens to focus on the upper focal plane of the objective....

The criterion maintaining that if light follows a specific path through an optical system, it will, if reversed, traverse...

Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...

A factor that, when multiplied by the average candlepower emitted by a light source in a specified angular zone, reveals the...

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...

The logarithm of the reciprocal of diffuse transmittance. Diffuse density results when a sample is diffusely illuminated.

A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby all the processing elements are operating under their own local...

The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...

An electromagnon is a quasiparticle excitation that combines aspects of both magnetism and electric polarization in a...

The term "excimer," strictly used, refers to excited species made by combination of two identical moieties, atoms...

Scalar diffraction theory is a simplified approach used to describe the propagation of electromagnetic waves, particularly...

A small mass spectrometer, with a limited mass range, equipped with an analyzer to generate a cycloidal-path beam of the...

A type of internal photonic connection in an integrated circuit in which a holographic grating is used to focus light at...

Magneto-optics refers to the study and manipulation of the interaction between magnetic fields and light (electromagnetic...

Two lenses, separated by a distance equal to the sum of their focal lengths, and retroreflecting mirror assemblies, one of...

In optics, degreasers or ultrasonic arrangements used for removing pitch, cement or polishing material from lenses during...

The phenomenon that can render an optical resonator the equivalent of a semiconductor flip-flop. A bistable device will...

A measurement method for reflectance by gas ionization in which light passes through a vapor before and after reflection....

A lens derived from the Cooke triplet anastigmat, but with one of the crown elements split in two, resulting in improved...

A defect in the cleaved end face of an optical fiber, in the form of a sharp protrusion at the edge of the fiber.

The technology of manipulating light on a micro scale. In optical communications, this is usually accomplished using two or...

A telescope in which a mask occults the solar disk, generating an artificial eclipse and allowing observation and recording...

An extended bubble or seed on glass, elliptically shaped and more than one-quarter inch (6.3 mm) in length.

Separating two or more signals that have been combined into one signal.

A device for measuring linear dimensions. The optical caliper generally consists of two circularly mounted mirrors whose...

Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...

Spectra can be conveniently recorded on photographic film or plates. The portions that are occupied by regions of the...

Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...

Participates in a reaction only in the presence of light and radiant energy. Besides 3D printing, photoreactive agents also...

A type of interferometer noted for producing narrow multiple-beam interference fringes. As a result, when compared with the...

Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...

An approximated measure of the smallest change in color temperature detectable by the human eye, defined as the reciprocal...

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

Technique that uses high-pass filtering to reduce the local average to zero for all regions of the picture and then applies...

In physics, the law of reversibility is often associated with the concept of reversibility in thermodynamics. The law...

Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of transparent and colorless...

A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...

An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...

A molecule that is the mirror image of another molecule. The two mirror-image molecules have the same chemical properties;...

Phototheranostics, a portmanteau of "photo" (light), "therapy," and "diagnostics," refers to an emerging field that combines...

Single wavelength source with a larger linewidth often containing multiple longitudinal modes.

A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. It usually has two parallel bases,...

Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by the presence of suspended particles. These...

An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...

The point spread function (PSF) is a fundamental concept in imaging that describes the response of an imaging system to a...

A plane (through the focal point) at right angles to the principal axis of a lens or mirror; that surface on which the best...

A photographic objective that uses the thick meniscus principle to obtain its power. It is designed to photograph small...

Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...

A defect in the cleaved end face of an optical fiber, defined as multiple surface irregularities across the fiber surface. A...

A mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) is a type of electronic test instrument that combines the capabilities of both a...

Structural color refers to coloration in materials that is not caused by pigments or dyes but is instead a result of the...

Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...

Multispectral imaging is a technique that involves capturing and analyzing images at multiple discrete spectral bands within...

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

A type of solar eclipse that occurs when the sun is at perihelion and the moon is at apogee. Because the apparent size of...

A system designed to control the output quantity of a device by returning a portion of its output signal to its input. This...

Nanoparticle photonic resonator absorption microscopy is a microscopy technique that combines the principles of photonic...

An optical testing instrument is a device or system used to evaluate and measure the performance, quality, and...

A powerful and flexible machine-learning approach that can be used in machine vision to help solve difficult problems....

With respect to photography, the law stating that the optical density of an exposed emulsion with standard development is a...

A reagent is a substance or compound that is used in a chemical reaction to bring about a specific transformation or to...

Micro-optical coherence tomography (micro-OCT) is an imaging technique that is an adaptation of optical coherence tomography...

A thin-film device that integrates optics and electronics on a single chip to provide a passive-ring resonator gyroscope...

An optical element having two principal axes, slow and fast, that resolve an incident polarized beam into two mutually...

In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...

The recording and mathematical analysis of all spectral intervals of the spectrometer simultaneously.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive analytical technique that uses the near-infrared region of the...

Computer numerically controlled (CNC) grinding is a manufacturing process that utilizes computerized controls and precision...

A microscope that allows examination of a small crystal and conveniently provides linearly polarized object and reference...

An instrument consisting essentially of a tube 160 mm long, with an objective lens at the distant end and an eyepiece at the...

An instrument in which visible light beyond the critical angle from a metallurgical microscope is focused on a reference...

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures changes in hemoglobin...

The decrease in the refractive index at the center of a fiber's core, caused by certain fabrication techniques. Also called...

Also called DLIP, a high-speed, high-resolution processing technique that uses high-power, pulsed laser systems to directly...

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect changes in blood volume in tissues. It...

The removal of a sharp edge on an optical element by grinding, to prevent accidental chipping of that edge during subsequent...

LiFi, short for light fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light or infrared light to...

1. The branch of physics that deals with the use of electrical energy to create or manipulate light waves, generally by...

Spectral flow cytometry is an advanced flow cytometry technique that expands the capabilities of traditional flow cytometry...

A measurement technique used to determine the spatial distribution profile of an electrical or optical quantity of interest...

A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest controllable element of a digital image or display. It is a...

Optical manufacturing tools and machinery encompass a wide range of equipment, instruments, and systems used in the...

A CCD device in which a solid-state electron multiplying register has been added to the end of the normal serial register....

A phase-modulated sensor is a type of sensor that uses modulation of the phase of a signal to measure changes in a physical...

Spectroscopy is a technique used in the study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves...

The approximately concentric waves that form on a surface that has been polished without an oscillation of the polishing lap.

Phenomenon caused by an ultrashort and ultra-intense light pulse propagating in a Kerr medium, such as air or water. When...

An instrument used to record rapidly varying currents or voltages. An oscillograph may consist of a cathode-ray tube...

The ability of a device to operate without electromagnetically interfering with the operation of nearby equipment and...

An optical switch that controls conduction paths into and out of a junction in fiber optic and integrated optical circuits.

A piezoelectric transducer made of a thin strip of piezoelectric material bonded to a strip of metal.

A method of determining the abrasion resistance of very hard materials by passing a weighted wiper blade across them in a...

A method of studying the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules (typically living tissue and chemical...

Multiple exposures of holograms, one for each position of a vibrating image, that are used for vibration analysis and that...

A relationship between two variables so that when plotted on a graph they yield a straight line.

A camera designed with a telecentric optical system and a narrow field of view; the telecentric optical system (placement of...

Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...

A support device in which a column or chamber of air permits the free travel of a mobile part. In optical mounting and...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to obtain high-resolution,...

The hardware for reading (and writing in devices so equipped) an optical mass data storage disk.

A retroreflector is an optical device or structure that reflects incident light or electromagnetic waves back to their...

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are ordinary cells that are genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like...

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...

Fluence is a term used in various scientific and technical disciplines to describe the amount of something per unit area....

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that combines the principles of Raman spectroscopy...

Whole slide imaging (WSI), also known as virtual slide microscopy or digital pathology, is a technology that involves the...

A laser having a Q-switching method that allows separate parallel volumes of the lasing material to act independently of...

Ray tracing is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to simulate the way light interacts with objects in a scene....

Birefringence is an optical property of certain materials that causes them to exhibit different refractive indices for light...

The constant that, multiplied by the frequency of the radiation-producing emission of photoelectrons, determines the amount...

In polarization-preserving optical fibers, the element used to induce birefringence. The SAP is highly doped to provide a...

The technique of generating ultrashort -- down to subpicosecond -- pulses by pumping a dye laser with mode-locked laser...

An autocollimator is an optical instrument used for measuring small angular deviations with high precision. It operates on...

In image processing and elsewhere, generally an adjective to describe an assembly-line arrangement for performing a task....

A camera used to reduce originals onto film for easy storage. There are two basic types: one in which the film is fixed...

A camera that uses a rotating mirror to project sequential images onto lenses that are arranged in an arc. The reflected...

A line formed by the principal (center) ray of an oblique bundle of rays.

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

A Nernst glower, also known simply as a Nernst lamp or Nernst filament, is a type of incandescent lamp or radiant heater...

A system incorporated into fiber optic data communications characterized by several spatially distributed terminals that are...

A device, either visual or electronic, that emits signals to identify set positions for use in the navigation of aircraft...

Freeform mirrors refer to reflective optical components that deviate from traditional symmetric or rotationally symmetric...

A device that uses low-level visible radiation or infrared radiation to produce a visual image of a night scene. These...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

Transparent matter that usually is drawn into a cylindrical, pyramidical or conical shape through which light is channeled...

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of...

Photon flow created by imaging of light into a detector array; IPD is the electrical signal used by the image processor in a...

An arc flash is a sudden release of electrical energy due to an electric arc — a continuous, high-current discharge of...

A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...

In the dye laser, the molecule that takes out energy from the triplet state during collisions between the dye and quencher...

An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...

Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...

Custom lapping and polishing services involve specialized processes used to improve the surface finish and dimensional...

GigE, short for gigabit Ethernet, refers to a standard for high-speed Ethernet communication, capable of transmitting data...

A sequential scanning device, utilizing a revolving lens, in which the cathode-ray tube image is transformed into a circle...

Broadband dielectric mirrors, also known as broadband mirrors, are optical coatings designed to efficiently reflect or...

A fiber optic imaging bundle is a specialized optical device composed of multiple optical fibers bundled together. Each...

An optical pyrometer that is equipped with a narrow bandpass filter to transmit a limited number of wavelengths to the...

Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

The sine of the vertex angle of the largest cone of meridional rays that can enter or leave an optical system or element,...

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to model and solve complex...

Mode-locking is a technique used in lasers to produce ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of picoseconds,...

A wave that is polarized elliptically or circularly polarized and in which the electric field vector — observed while...

Photogrammetry is a technique used to obtain accurate three-dimensional measurements of objects and environments through the...

Multiple scattering method used in biological analysis in which approximations yield simple, explicit solutions, at least...

Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...

A photovoltaic device that consists of multiple p-n junctions to produce a greater efficiency when in use than that of...

Holmium lasers are a type of medical laser that utilizes holmium-doped crystals as the gain medium. The term holmium laser...

Micro-optics refers to the design, fabrication, and application of optical components and systems at a microscale level....

A ruggedized scintillation counter used in oil well logging. The cylindrical housing contains a gamma ray source, a...

1. To center an image or place it in any part of the television screen desired. Also applies to stills. 2. A single image of...

The technique by which an analog image is converted by any of several means into a finite array of points, each represented...

An optical channel monitor (OCM) is a device used in optical communication systems to monitor and analyze the performance of...

A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....

Noise generated in the flow of current in the photomultiplier, produced by the intentional or controlled application of...

The Lorentz oscillator model is a theoretical model used in physics to describe the response of a charged particle (such as...

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...

A projector used to project transparencies. A horizontal 8 x 10-in. stage for writing or laying down preformed...

High-precision motorized positioning device, often linked to computer control equipment.

Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...

An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) is an analytical instrument used to determine the concentration of specific chemical...

The selective absorption of electromagnetic waves by a liquid made up of molecules with permanent dipole movement.

An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...

The holographic recording of sequences of high-speed phenomena. With a multiple beam laser, multiple holograms that depict...

An optical instrument for forming the spectrum of a light source and recording it on a film. The dispersing medium may be a...

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the manipulation and control of very small fluid volumes, typically...

A mode that is confined by virtue of a lower-index medium surrounding the cladding. Cladding modes, in the terminology of...

The special cameras, film and other means for forming maps by aerial photography.

The use of atoms, molecules and molecular-scale structures to enhance existing technology and develop new materials and...

A projection printer that is capable of reproducing a multiplicity of images from a master transparency on a single support...

Any of the photoelectric and thermal detectors, spectrographs and monochromators, thermographs, scanners, amplifier tubes,...

In a laser diode, the photocurrent produced by a photodiode that detects the emission from the rear facet of the...

A small telescope mounted on a tripod and free to rotate about a vertical axis. A spirit level is mounted over the telescope...

A computer whose architecture contains several CPU chips arranged in parallel. Often used in image processing systems.

The mathematical set of equations showing the relationship between oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are...

Harmonic generation refers to a nonlinear optical process in which incoming photons interact with a material and produce new...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method of secure communication that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to...

A well plate, also known as a microplate or microtiter plate, is a flat plate with multiple small wells or depressions...

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an optical device used to measure the phase difference between two collimated beams of...

Founded by professor Albert Munsell. In the field of colorimetry, the Munsell color system is a color space that identifies...

The computer module whose circuitry interprets instructions and guides the actions of the peripherals. Also known as the...

A semiconductor laser that operates in the infrared and that is pumped with strong pulses of radiation from a second laser....

A laser diode in which the beam is confined to the region of the active layer with gain high enough to accomplish such...

An OLED display formed by creating an array of OLED pixels connected by intersecting anode and cathode conductors arranged...

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a therapeutic approach that utilizes the combination of light, a photosensitizer, and...

A standard source of high-charge-state ions for accelerators that has an external magnetic field oriented perpendicularly to...

Photocells of various kinds used to measure photometric quantities; i.e., intensity, luminance and illuminance. Meter...

A network interface card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or LAN adapter, is a hardware component that allows...

A nondestructive testing method for very large scale integration circuits, using a scanning electron microscope to monitor...

A long-pass filter is an optical filter that allows longer wavelengths of light to pass through while blocking or...

A monolithic laser diode incorporating multiple coupled emitters.

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is an advanced optical imaging technique used in microscopy to enhance the...

Diamond turning, also known as diamond machining or diamond cutting, is a precision machining process used to produce...

A spectrometer equipped with polarizing prisms and retardation plates that is used in the analysis of elliptically polarized...

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of optical filter that is inscribed or "written" into the core of an optical fiber. It...

A holographic camera, also known as a holographic imaging system or holographic recorder, is a specialized device used to...

In biaxial crystals, the principal angle that bisects the smaller angle between the optic axes.

Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) is a type of display technology used in electronic devices, known for its energy...

In a charge-coupled device, the detection of charge collected by the transport register rather than by the image-sensing...

A type of multiple-pass amplifier in which no optical leakage is allowed until a finite number of passes has occurred; at...

A photon jet is a narrow, highly collimated beam of light that is formed when light interacts with small dielectric...

In optics and photonics, "phase" refers to a property of electromagnetic waves, such as light, that describes the position...

The use of thin flexible glass or plastic fibers as wave guides — or "light pipes" — to channel light from one...

A laser cavity, also known as an optical cavity or resonator, is a fundamental component of a laser system. It is a confined...

The light-sensitive cells on the retina of the eye that are responsible for low-resolution, peripheral vision.

A galvanometric scanner, also known as a galvanometer scanner or galvo scanner, is a type of optical scanning device used to...

A type of comparator with a telescope equipped with a cross wire mounted on a vertical sliding column. It is used to measure...

Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...

The use of a micromanipulator in combination with a microscope for the purposes of examining, dissecting, or the...

A container which secures multiple splice trays and protects the trays and their contents from damage.

Relative to the Cotton-Mouton effect, the magnetic birefringence constant that, when multiplied by pathlength and the square...

Phase distortion refers to a change in the phase relationships between different frequency components of a signal. In the...

In image processing, the mathematical relationships that link pixel brightnesses of input images to those of output images...

An assembly of multiple prisms that disperses incident light into its spectral components without deviating light at the...

High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...

Supercontinuum refers to a broad spectrum of light that spans a wide range of wavelengths, typically from the visible to the...

In optics and photolithography, a phase mask refers to a device that modifies the phase of light waves passing through it....

One class of nonlinear space-invariant transformation processes used for processing convolved and multiplied signals.

Spectral repeatability refers to the consistency and reproducibility of spectral measurements across multiple trials or...

Equipment that supports microscopic live-cell imaging by managing the gas, media perfusion, temperature and other factors to...

A lateral shearing interferometer is an optical device used in interferometry to measure phase differences between two beams...

Pixel binning, also known as pixel merging or pixel combining, is a technique used in digital imaging and camera technology....

Light interference fringes that can be viewed on a screen near a biprism.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

The linear relationship between input and output optical fields for a given optical system or application that allows the...

Equipment used for chemical analysis by investigation of the spectra formed and observed in chemical activity. Of particular...

A telescope with an ellipsoidal secondary concave mirror that reflects rays from a parabolic primary mirror through an...

The process or device by which more than one signal can be sent over a single channel by using different time intervals for...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

An assembly of prototype instruments, equipment and/or software designed to perform all the functions of a concept or idea...

The physical area containing an assembly of computer graphics equipment for presenting generated images and allowing...

The metal tube that maintains the optical components of a lens in proper relationship. Some lenses are mounted in metal...

The principal point of a lens relative to image space.

Lens testing equipment refers to a range of specialized tools and instruments used to evaluate the optical performance,...

A technique used in photolithography of computer chips to compensate for errors caused by the proximity effect, which...

A laser device intended for crushing urinary tract stones so they can be flushed from the body. Light is introduced via...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

A camera equipped with angular scales in altitude and azimuth. The scale readings are imprinted on the film when an exposure...

A type of stereoscopic photography in which a pair of lenses focuses a pair of images, relative to the positions of the two...

A lens assembly made up of three lens elements that may or may not be cemented.

A gyroscope is a mechanical device consisting of a spinning disk or wheel mounted on a spinning axis in such a way that its...

A gas laser equipped with Brewster windows and concave mirrors (having unlike reflective properties) at each end of the tube...

A transparent plate ruled with black lines and equal, clear spaces. It is used as a multiple knife-edge for testing a...

A block that can hold more than one lens or blank.

A chemical placed in a solution that will indicate when an excess of a substance or ion has been reached by coloring the...

The departure of a curved surface from the plane that is tangent to its vertex. See sag.

A scale located on the eyepiece focusing screw and used to measure the amount of defocusing of the eyepiece in diopters. The...

A surgical device used to deliver laser light. Specifically,contact tips are made with artificially grown sapphire which is...

Abbreviated SoC. A single chip containing all the electronic circuits required for a complete, working product. SoCs are...

A light beam whose electric vectors are broken into two elements of unlike amplitudes that are perpendicular to each other...

STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...

Radiation emitted from vibrating charged particles. A combination of oscillating electrical and magnetic fields that...

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that is used to convert printed or handwritten text into...

A system of modular mechanical components for building precision optical systems. The basic equipment includes a variety of...

A plane passing through a crystal that has the optic axis of the crystal and the light ray under consideration.

Characteristic of optical correlators in which invariance to more than one distortion parameter per axis of the processor is...

In optics, a motion controller refers to a device or system that precisely controls the movement of optical components, such...

Heating that results from the dissipation of energy.

A cathode principally designed to emit a photoelectric current.

Polarization refers to the orientation of oscillations in a transverse wave, such as light waves, radio waves, or other...

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

An instrument for determining the sensitivity of a photographic film to light. The film is given either a stepped exposure...

Data communications network in a clearly defined geographical location, and extending no more than a few miles in length. It...

Three-photon microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that belongs to the family of multi-photon microscopy methods. It...

A device that provides means for accurately moving minuscule tools over the surface of a microscopic object. The motion...

The term light field refers to the spatial distribution of light rays traveling in all directions through a given space. It...

The formation of transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors and other electronic elements directly on a flake of silicon by...

A direct reading spectrograph having a photomultiplier assembly in place of a photographic plate. The output from the...

A dispersion relation defined in order to value the reciprocal amount of dispersion. It is defined as the refractivity over...

A plasma produced by the interaction of an intense laser pulse with a material surface. Production of ionized particle with...

The principles and techniques involved in the use of telephotometers to measure atmospheric extinction.

Descriptive of an optical fiber having a core refractive index that decreases almost parabolically and radially outward...

Derived from "self-focusing,'' Nippon Sheet Glass Co. (NSG) of Japan's trade name for graded-index fiber rods with parabolic...

1. A localized fracture at the end of a cleaved optical fiber or on a glass surface. 2. An integrated circuit.

Also known as corner-cube reflector or retrodirective reflector. Three reflecting surfaces, perpendicular to each other,...

An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...

A device where each pixel in the detector array is mated with a preamplifier on a single silicon chip, providing sensing and...

A telescopic eyepiece that produces a field of view between 40° and 50°. The eyepiece consists of a single element...

A breakout cable, also known as a fan-out cable or breakout assembly, is a type of cable that combines multiple individual...

Nanopositioning refers to the precise and controlled movement or manipulation of objects or components at the nanometer...

A plane-parallel interferometer that yields extremely high contrast over a wide range of finesse values without...

The maintenance of the same scanning relationship between the transmitting scanning spot and receiving scanning spot for...

Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...

Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...

Also known as radiation thermometer. A pyrometer in which the radiant intensity from the source to be measured is used to...

A crystal-based device that combines and adjusts the intensities of multiple wavelengths of laser light in order to obtain...

The maintenance of a fixed-phase relationship across the full diameter of a cross section of a laser beam.

A lens is a transparent optical device that focuses or diverges light, allowing it to pass through and form an image. Lenses...

A flowmeter is a device used to measure the flow rate or quantity of a fluid passing through a particular point in a system....

Laser sintering is an additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technology that involves using a laser to selectively fuse...

The area closest to an aperture or source where the diffraction pattern differs substantially from that observed at an...

A lens system that is capable of producing a 360° image, or one that is very close to that. In recording, the image may...

Gram-positive bacteria are a group of bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed primarily of a substance called...

Metrology is the science and practice of measurement. It encompasses the theoretical and practical aspects of measurement,...

The combination of two or more signals for transmission along a single wire, path or carrier. In most optical communication...

An array of lines in the infrared region of the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen. Their wave numbers are expressed by...

A mirror used to manipulate the beam in a laser system.

A device using the Kerr effect to read back the signals from mechanically recorded tapes and discs. It consists of a light...

Ferroelectric materials are a type of dielectric materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, meaning they...

The measure of departure from a flat surface, as applied to lenses; the reciprocal of radius. Applies to any surface,...

A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...

Technique in which the polarization rotation of light, and its relationship to the magnetic field strength can be analyzed...

In an avalanche photodiode, the gain multiplied by the signal frequency in MHz.

A wave that is guided by the interface between two different media or by a refractive index gradient in the medium. The...

Characteristic of the relationship between photoelectric activity and the wavelength of incident radiation.

A microscope that can be used to observe and magnify microscope specimens while they are being centrifuged. The objective...

A visual, single-unit spectrophotometer with a biprism and a Wollaston prism. The Wollaston prism polarizes coincident...

Oleophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or resist oils. The word oleophobic comes from the...

A plane in a crystal that lies parallel to the principal plane of symmetry.

Meta-optics, also known as metasurface optics or flat optics, is a branch of optics that involves the design, fabrication,...

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment or experience that can be...

A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...

A piece of glass polished flat on one side, with a pair of polished faces that form an angle close to 180° on the other...

A precise telescope set on a pair of rotation axes, the horizontal and vertical axes equipped with two divided circles. One...

An experimental research technique by which absorbed or unabsorbed radiation is analyzed in order to characterize and...

Electric polarization characterized by homogeneous polar dielectrics and ascribed to the position of the permanent molecular...

The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is an optical device used for measuring the wavefront aberrations of an optical system....

A digital twin refers to a virtual representation or digital counterpart of a physical object, system, or process. This...

An optical element that measures the phase difference between two components of elliptically polarized light to correct for...

Etaloning is an optical phenomenon that occurs in imaging systems, particularly in devices such as spectrometers,...

Camera Link HS (high speed) is a standard developed for high-speed digital data transmission in machine vision and...

A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...

The two points on the principal axis of a mirror or lens so positioned that light emitted from either point will be focused...

Refers to the transistors in which the working current flows through only one type of semiconductor material, either P-type...

A rangefinder used to determine the height or altitude of aerial targets by means of optical triangulation. The device...

1. The continuous thin strip marked by the scanning beam. Generally, during return of the scan, the line is blanked out. 2....

The capability of the spatial distributions of incident and reflected flux to interchange completely without alteration of...

The auxiliary electrode in a photomultiplier that gives rise to secondary emission and amplification when bombarded by...

Also known as analog thermogram. The resultant photograph, illustrating, in tones ranging from black to white, the spatial...

A laser rangefinder is a device that uses laser technology to measure the distance between the device and a target. It...

A grating beamsplitter is an optical device that utilizes the principles of diffraction to split a beam of light into...

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...

One or more optical elements – typically cemented together - in an optical system that are treated as a single group;...

The production of holograms initially from either conventional photographs or incoherent optical equipment.

Description of a particle that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image.

Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...

A nitrogen vacancy (NV) refers to a specific type of defect or impurity in a crystal lattice where a nitrogen atom replaces...

A type of sheathing for fiber optic cable that incorporates a coil of metal; often used in harsh environments.

A spectrophotometer designed for use in the 200- to 380-nm range of the electromagnetic spectrum and equipped with a...

That property of certain optical devices, e.g., a penta prism, that maintains the angular relationship between the entering...

Electron lens consisting of an homogeneous axial electric field.

An optical instrument used to track and image a test vehicle (target) throughout its flight. The cinesextant frequently...

The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...

Machine vision lighting refers to the use of specific lighting techniques and equipment in the field of machine vision,...

Liquid marble refers to a unique form of microscale liquid encapsulation, where small droplets of liquid are coated with a...

Minimum object distance, often abbreviated as MOD, refers to the closest distance at which a camera lens or optical system...

A still or motion-picture camera designed to photograph through a microscope. Photomicrographic equipment usually contains a...

The action of a biological system responding to a single or multiple coherent particles of light produced from a laser...

A device, also called a fluorescence lifetime instrument, that measures decay curves of fluorescing samples. It generally...

The dip or gap in the profile of a laser beam's line width when it is both homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened. When...

A microring resonator is a compact optical device that utilizes the resonant behavior of light within a small ring-shaped...

A type of motion-picture camera in which single frames are photographed either automatically at a predetermined rate (as...

A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...

A parabolic, elliptical, hyperbolic or circular section created when a solid cone is intersected by a plane.

A unique glass made up of nano-structured materials to create millimeter sized monolithic glass space-variant polarization...

A well-corrected flat-field eyepiece with good eye relief. Similar to a Huygenian.

Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the manipulation and analysis of signals, which are representations of physical...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

A reflection hologram using multiple color lasers that integrates various graphical techniques to allow the display of...

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry to obtain IR spectra of samples....

A prism having several plane polished surfaces, some to transmit light, some to reflect light, and some to serve both...

The pattern used as a probe in morphological image processing to manipulate the size and shape of objects in an image.

The theory established by Christian J. Doppler in 1842 that states that the rate of change in distance between a perceiver...

A device composed of a light source and phototube used to scan a moving strip of material in photoelectric side-register...

Near the boundary or edge of the field of an optical system; the outer fringe.

The ratio between the object distance and the image distance measured along the principal axis of a lens or mirror. An...

An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is a specialized instrument used in optical fiber communications to characterize...

Simulation of radiative transfer in which each photon is generated by a source and its path through the medium is...

In electrical equipment, power variations that are temporary (as opposed to the permanent, cumulative effects of drift).

A computer architecture used in parallel processing whereby the processing elements are directed by a single, central...

An electron tube that is used as a camera tube for a television system. When the picture to be transmitted is focused on a...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

An edge-emitting light-emitting diode is a type of LED structure where light emission occurs primarily along the edge of the...

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...

A direct method of measuring refractive index that works best with flat-surfaced samples (i.e., those that are not dependent...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

1. A geometrical arrangement of two or more light beams for use in laser shows, object detection or other applications...

A defect in an optical system that prevents rays from reaching their intended destination; it can be caused by an undersized...

A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...

The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...

Time-lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) refers to a medical imaging technique that captures a series of sequential OCT...

A unit of speed of transmission or receipt of a signal, roughly equal to bits per second; common baud rates are 300, 1200,...

Instruments used for measuring angles and occasionally lengths on the ground. The principal surveying instruments are the...

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...

Reciprocal of the dispersive power of an optical material. See Abbe constant.

In compact disc systems, the two principal frame formats for data storage. Mode 1 devotes 2048 bytes to user data, reserving...

The frequency of a wave divided by its velocity of propagation; the reciprocal of the wavelength.

A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a...

A device having a plane mirror so mounted that it can be set to reflect sunlight into a piece of laboratory equipment. It is...

A linear positioning stage, also known as a linear stage or translation stage, is a precision mechanical device used to...

The law stating that the amount of chemical change produced is proportional to the amount of light absorbed. Actually, the...

Spherical aberration is an optical aberration that occurs when light rays passing through a lens or curved optical surface...

Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...

A defect of vision where a single object appears as two. Also known as double vision.

3D Laser Triangulation - A technology that allows sensors to probe the surroundings. Laser triangulation systems have an...

A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a...

A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...

An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits or blocks specific wavelengths, or colors, of light. Optical...

A special evacuated camera equipped with means for holding a specimen and bombarding it with a sharply focused beam of...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...

An InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) camera is a type of imaging device that utilizes InGaAs sensors to capture images in the...

A set of algorithms used to study the structural and spatial characteristics of objects in a digitized image for...

Also referred to as physical optics - the area of optics in which the wave nature of light is essential when defining its...

An etalon is an optical device that consists of two parallel reflecting surfaces separated by a precise and known distance....

Plates of glass containing as many heavy metal oxides as can be dissolved in the glass without causing devitrification. The...

An amorphous film in which cylindrical bubbles of reverse magnetization can be formed to follow circuit paths usually made...

Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...

Off-axis paraboloid and ellipsoid mirrors are specialized optical components used in various optical systems, particularly...

A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...

A support for optical parts comprising a solid bed that permits precise longitudinal movement of one component relative to...

The reciprocal of the back focal distance of a spectacle lens.

An otoscope is a medical device used by healthcare professionals, particularly ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists,...

A high-power riflescope specifically intended for sighting and shooting distant targets.

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

A mode of transmission whereby the sending and receiving stations operate continuously at a fixed relationship of phase and...

A waveguide is a physical structure or device that is designed to confine and guide electromagnetic waves, such as radio...

In data transmission, a self-checking code using a separate bit (the parity bit) to assure that all bytes of transmitted...

A camera that uses multiple exposures to record the trajectory of an ordnance from a ground-level position.

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that integrates digital information, typically in the form of computer-generated...

Referred to as SWCNTs, these cylindrical nanostructures composed of a folded sheet of graphene can be used as near-infrared...

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a molecular biology technique used to rapidly amplify specific DNA or RNA...

An ultrafast laser is a type of laser that emits extremely short pulses of light with durations typically on the order of...

Neuromorphic refers to the design and development of computing systems or devices that are inspired by the structure and...

A desklike apparatus with an opal glass surface illuminated from beneath by fluorescent tubes. It is equipped with roll...

The Weissenberg method, named after the German physicist Karl Weissenberg, is a technique used in x-ray crystallography for...

The multiple storage of a single image.

In a laser, a measure of the device's ability to dissipate internally generated heat.

Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...

A method used to detect internal or residual microstresses in a material by using a laser beam to locate changes in...

A microlens array is a grid-like structure composed of numerous small lenses, typically arranged in a regular pattern. Each...

Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...

A technique that combines two or more imaging processes in order to minimize the disadvantages within each of the...

The fundamental wavelength standard of time or frequency. An atomic standard, it is properly expressed as 9,192,631,770...

The quality of asymmetrical intensity distribution in a laser beam, as opposed to a circular distribution.

An accelerometer is a sensor or transducer that measures the rate of change of velocity of an object, or in simpler terms,...

Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...

A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...

An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...

Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...

A group of related lines that represent transitions between two spectroscopic terms, each of which may be complex. Also in...

A phase screen, in the context of optics and wave optics, refers to a surface or medium that introduces a phase delay to an...

In rudimentary form, this technology consists of diffusion of a PN junction through a mask of silica, over which a contact...

The term "metaverse" refers to a collective virtual shared space, created by the convergence of virtually enhanced physical...

Radiation whose spectrum runs between 100 and 300 nm. Any work with these wavelengths requires evacuated equipment.

Chromatic aberration is an optical phenomenon that occurs when different wavelengths (colors) of light are refracted by a...

A metalens, short for "metasurface lens," is a type of optical lens that uses nanostructured materials to manipulate light...

A measure of the dispersive properties of a glass. The relative dispersion is defined as: where C, D, and F refer to the...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

A refrigeration method based on the Peltier effect. When an electric current passes through a thermocouple of two dissimilar...

The simplest lens in which all primary aberrations may be corrected. It consists of two positive crown elements on either...

The principal point of a lens relative to the object space.

Generic term for read-only optical data storage, source of the Philips-Sony term CD-ROM.

Formulas designating the relationships between image distance, object distance, focal length, refractive index, etc., of a...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and measure the presence of specific...

An aspheric lens is a type of lens whose surface profiles deviate from the traditional spherical shape. Unlike spherical...

A cable that incorporates multiple fibers, jacketed side by side in a ribbonlike form.

A device that utilizes avalanche multiplication of photocurrent by means of hole-electrons created by absorbed photons. When...

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

Azimuthal polarization refers to a specific polarization state of light where the electric field vector of the...

FMCW lidar stands for frequency-modulated continuous wave lidar. It is a type of lidar (light detection and ranging)...

Also called proximity focus image intensifier. A compact image intensifier that utilizes a microchannel plate...

A microspectroscope equipped with a sensing and recording device, such as a camera, to measure the spectrum formed by...

Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that occurs when an intense laser beam passes through a...

The fluctuation in apparent illumination that has a rate comparable to the reciprocal of the period of persistence in vision.

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a nondestructive analytical technique used to investigate the optical properties...

1. In fiber optics, a protective material applied as an optical fiber cover that has no optical function. 2. In image...

A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...

Retroreflection is a phenomenon in optics where light is reflected back toward its source, typically in a direction nearly...

A measure of the sensitivity of a detector; the reciprocal of noise equivalent power (NEP). See D*.

The principle that electronic energy transitions occur at such speeds that the nuclei of the atoms in the molecular system...

Spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) is an optical microscopy technique that belongs to the category of quantitative...

A specific form of phase shifting interferometry - commonly referred to as multiple wavelength phase shifting interferometry...

1. A strainmeter capable of measuring the change in the relationship between two reference points, provided that the points...

Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...

Laser light show effects equipment including optics and mechanical devices that reflect, position or distort the laser beam,...

High-voltage, fast-discharge circuit named after its inventor, Erwin Marx. Its capacitors are charged in parallel and...

Discipline within optical physics that addresses sound vibration, phonon effects and their influencing behavior within...

A camera equipped with a lens and a long length of perforated film, the latter being moved intermittently between exposures...

A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...

A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing and quantum information...

An electrowetting display (EWD) is a type of electronic display technology that utilizes the principles of electrowetting to...

A variation of the atomic force microscope that operates by scanning a tiny ferromagnetic probe (or a magnetized tip) over a...

Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...

Epitaxial refers to the growth of a crystalline layer on a crystalline substrate in such a way that the orientation of the...

A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...

An optical instrument containing a gimballed sighting telescope, used to measure angular relationships in horizontal and...

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that leverages the...

A phototube in which the primary photoemission current, before being extracted at the anode, is multiplied many times.

A thermometric instrument used for the detection and measurement of radiant energy. Its essential component is a short...

A system in which a supplied signal causes the deflection of the electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, thus forming a visible...

A mechanical fixture, generally a rigid tube, used to confine the stripped end of a fiber or a fiber bundle.

A device for detecting visual and infrared radiation using a photoconductor as the principle sensing element.

A Dammann grating is a type of diffractive optical element (DOE) used to create an array of equally spaced,...

See color perception test equipment; eye test apparatus.

A type of piezoelectric translator that uses two thin strips of piezoelectric material, one expanding while the other...

The methods and techniques used to obtain medical photographs of the human eye. To photograph the exterior of the eye,...

A factor derived by equating the incident light on the subject to the required incident light for suitable photography. The...

The principle that a light ray extending from one point to another will, after any number of reflections and refractions,...

The scanning of a region in a given sequence of slender, straight parallel strips.

A method of data multiplexing that can provide large, instantaneous bandwidths for busy traffic while permitting slow...

Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...

A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a...

Videography refers to the process of capturing moving images and recording them in a digital format. It involves the use of...

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...

Ultrasound used in the cleaning of metal and optical parts by virtue of its vibration rates. Large acoustic forces break off...

A tank with a boiling solvent at the bottom and a ring of cold piping higher up that condenses the liquid and returns it to...

A device that serves to detect the presence of vacuum ultraviolet radiation. It may be photographic film, a thermopile, ion...

The principle that states that optical instrumentation cannot increase the radiance of a source; the radiance of an image...

A microbubble resonator is a device used in photonics and optical physics for the precise manipulation of light waves. It...

Diamond turning refers to a precision machining process used to produce complex optical components, particularly lenses and...

A computer-generated hologram (CGH) is a holographic image produced using computational methods and algorithms, rather than...

A defect in the cleaved end face of an optical fiber in which a portion of the edge has broken away; the complement of lip.

A dichroic mirror, also known as a dichroic beamsplitter or interference filter beamsplitter, is an optical device that...

A computerized token-passing local area network (LAN) configuration adopted by General Motors for real time control over the...

Instruments used by ophthalmologists and optometrists to study the eye. There are, for instance, the ophthalmoscope to...

A metabolite is any small molecule that is a product of metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within living...

An atomic clock is a highly precise timekeeping device that uses the vibrations or oscillations of atoms as a reference for...

A frequency comb is a precise and regular series of equally spaced spectral lines, or frequencies, that are generated with...

The digitization process by which an image is manipulated to increase the amount of information perceivable by the human eye.

An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...

Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...

Also known as RAMP microscopy, random access multiphoton microscopy is a microscopic technique that uses multiple...

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...

In optics, the Pockels effect refers to the phenomenon where the refractive index of a material changes in response to an...

Quantum-enhanced metrology refers to the use of quantum mechanics principles and techniques to enhance the precision and...

Fluorescence microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique used in biology, chemistry, and materials science to...

A telescope stand equipped with a polar axis that can be set parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation and a declination axis...

A device consisting of two optical systems in which two signals are simultaneously transformed to produce their spectra, and...

Observed phenomenon in laser pulses in which a large number of excited electrons are created and in which multiphoton...

Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...

A formulaic description of the linear change of the reciprocal optical dielectric tensor with either stress or strain.

Reciprocal magnetic interaction between nuclei in a molecular system facilitated by the binding electrons of the molecule.

A unit of metric measure equivalent to 1 thousandth (or 10-3 ) of the standard unit of optical power which is the diopter (1...

An aplanatic surface is an optical surface that is specifically designed or shaped to minimize spherical aberration and...

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...

An inspection device in which the profile of a mechanical part is projected onto a ground-glass screen at a precisely known...

A spectrometric instrument that detects radiation simultaneously in multiple channels, sorts it spectrally from the deep...

A technical specification for a consumer product drawn up by Sony and Philips. CD/I combines audio, video and text recorded...

CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...

Reflectance spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the reflective properties of materials across various wavelengths of...

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...

A camera, with a rotating prism, that is capable of forming multiple exposures on a constantly moving strip of film.

Refers to transistors in which the working current flows through two types of semiconductor material: N- and P-type. In...

The surface curvature designed to reduce the marginal error found in the periphery of a spectacle lens.

A device that functions throughout the continuous radiation of a linearly polarized plane wave, and whose nonreciprocity...

A unit of optical measurement that expresses the refractive power of a lens or prism. In a lens or lens system, it is the...

Focal, nodal or principal points of a lens. If the respective distances of the object and image are measured from the...

A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) is a technique that extends traditional Raman spectroscopy by incorporating...

Two essential pieces of equipment used in connection with the microfilming process: a camera capable of producing, on film,...

Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...

I/O stands for input/output. In computing, it refers to the communication between a computer system or program and its...

Description of a material, such as a water-soluble salt, that will continue absorbing moisture from the surrounding...

In astronomy, the method of deliberately viewing objects with peripheral vision to take advantage of the eye's greater...

Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...

An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...

A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance, which is a phenomenon that occurs when an external force or...

Free-space optics (FSO), also known as optical wireless communication or optical wireless networking, refers to the...

With a repetitive object such as a series of equispaced lines, the reciprocal of the line spacing in object or image,...

A two-fiber optical cable containing two single-fiber cables that are connected by a strip of jacket and that can easily be...

A device that is designed to automatically turn electric lamps on and off in a rapidly repeating sequence. The device may...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

The variation of the electronically detected signal with respect to the scaled version of the classical optical signal...

A fluoroscope equipped with a magnified, fine-grained fluorescent screen to determine the fluorescence emitted by a...

Also known as gatling gun laser. A system that has an array of lasers sharing a common central axis on a rotating Fabry...

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot onboard. UAVs are remotely...

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and...

The exact mathematical description of the interactions of matter and intense electromagnetic fields, such as those that...

A telescope similar to the customary Cassegrain telescope, but having a primary mirror that is ellipsoidal and a secondary...

Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...

In image processing, mathematical operations that change spatial geometry, as for instance scaling, translating, rotating or...

A probe card is a testing device used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to evaluate and test the electrical...

The fiber optic connector standard for Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) installations, developed with Nippon Electric...

The least angle of incidence at which total internal reflection takes place. The angle of incidence in a denser medium, at...

A connection, typically made up of one or more cables, between a laser head and a separate power supply. Flexible pipes or...

A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...

A set of mirrors mounted on solenoids to move them into and out of the path of a laser beam, making it possible for multiple...

A device for the internal inspection of hard-to-get-at mechanical parts, such as rifle barrels, sewer pipes, oil wells, or...

Ultraviolet (UV) fiber optics refers to optical fibers that are designed and optimized for the transmission of ultraviolet...

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...

Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...

Pushbroom scanning is a technique used in remote sensing and imaging systems, particularly in satellite and aerial sensors,...

A method of reducing dark current in charge-coupled devices by holding all the clocks at negative voltage during the...

Linear receive optics typically refers to the optical components and systems used in the reception (detection) of linearly...

In optics, "mode beating" refers to an interference phenomenon that can occur in laser systems with multiple longitudinal...

A highly flame-retardant material used to jacket fiber optic cables, especially on shipboard applications.

The system of color classification and description produced by Wilhelm Ostwald.

The ability to see over large angles of view.

A GRIN (gradient index) lens is a type of optical lens that utilizes a gradient in refractive index across its volume rather...

A single band in a group of light and dark bands that can be viewed in the periphery of Fresnel diffraction shadow.

The ray that passes through the center of the aperture stop in an optical system. It often is called the principal ray of an...

Lidar, short for light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light to measure distances and...

The use of photographic recording equipment to measure radiant energy. With this procedure, many measurements of radiant...

Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in...

The frequency domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to represent signals and data in terms of their...

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) refers to a specific range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum....

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...

A coherent fiber bundle (CFB), also known as a coherent fiber optic bundle, is an assembly of multiple optical fibers...

Equipment dependent on the effects of a vacuum. The principal applications in optics are in the coating of lenses and...

An instrument designed to measure radiation indirectly through the use of several phosphors and a photomultiplier tube. The...

Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...

A measure of a material's inability to transmit light, equal to the reciprocal of its transmittance.

The term "embedded laser" typically refers to a laser device that is integrated or embedded into a larger system or...

Bohr's formulation that every new theoretical principle must correspond to the salient classical predecessor. The principle...

Sets of lenses (positive, negative and cylindrical) usually mounted in circular rims suitable for slipping into trial...

Laser-powered telephone device for analog communications that employs a vibrating plastic membrane as a transmitter to...

Positioning generally refers to the determination or identification of the location or placement of an object, person, or...

An avalanche photodiode in which the light-absorbing area is a low-bandgap material and the PN junction is placed in an area...

A light valve that uses a crystal as the control layer medium and that operates on the principle of the electro-optic effect.

An array or mosaic of optical surfaces. May be a number of lenses closely packed to form multiple images or many parallel...

The area of optics in which quantum theory is used to describe light in discrete units or "quanta" of energy known as...

Information presented as a continuously variable relationship between a signal and a standard.

The multiple beam form of Brewster's fringes formed when the two plane-parallel plates have high-reflecting surfaces.

A method of designing lasers whereby the laser rod is cut into elliptical discs and cooled by running water over the disc...

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...

A camera tube widely used in television broadcasting. It consists of three sections within a single vacuum envelope. 1. A...

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...

Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...

A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...

A device that consists of two types of mode converters, one of which must be magnetic. It is nonreciprocal because the...

A lenticular screen having the lenticules tipped about 20° to compensate for off-normal projection.

GaN (Gallium Nitride) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers refer to a specific type of semiconductor laser based on Gallium...

The phenomenon that makes nonlinear the mathematical expression for the electrical polarization of a medium through which...

Topology is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the properties of space that are preserved under continuous...

Infrared optics refer to optical components and systems designed to manipulate and control infrared (IR) light, which lies...

A device consisting of a disc with a spiral arrangement of holes that is used to convert visible patterns into electrical...

A technique used to create an achromatic phase shift based on the principle of geometric phase. The phase shift is...

Enhanced picture archiving and communication system (PACS) display (ePAD) is a software tool used in medical imaging to...

A holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating that is produced using holographic recording techniques. It consists...

Virtual histology refers to the use of digital technology and computational methods to simulate or recreate histological...

Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...

Linear optics refers to the study and manipulation of light in a linear and deterministic manner, where the response of...

The area of optics in which the propagation of light is described by geometrical lines (or rays) governed by Fermat's...

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...

The number of electrons that can share a principal quantum number by preventing identity between any two electrons' four...

RGB stands for red, green, blue, which are the primary colors of light used in additive color mixing. The RGB color model is...

A series of flanges or other conducting surfaces, usually metal, attached to an electronic device to transmit and dissipate...

A technique for confining atoms, molecules or small particles within one or more laser beams. This can be accomplished...

The process of aligning the crystallites in a piezoelectric material by placing a large DC field across the element at an...

Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...

A general-purpose lens, also known as the Celor lens, used widely in photography and commercial processing; it has the form...

A spectral signature, in the context of remote sensing and spectroscopy, refers to the unique pattern or characteristic...

The point on an elliptical orbit about the Earth that is the farthest distance from the Earth.

A small optical polishing machine intended for polishing the surface of a metal specimen before etching for examination...

A filter fluorometer that uses a photomultiplier tube to detect the fluorescence of a sample.

A type of birefringent filter, similar in principle to the Lyot filter, consisting of many identical birefringent elements,...

Ellipsometry is an optical technique used to characterize the properties of thin films and surfaces. It is based on the...

A straight line connecting the curvature centers of the refracting lens surfaces. In a mechanical sense, a line joining the...

The natural log of the ratio of absorbed intensity over the total intensity which gives a constant value assuming a stable...

Volumetric imaging refers to the capture, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) information from a volume of...

Quantum sensing refers to a class of sensing technologies that leverage principles from quantum mechanics to enhance the...

Laser lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses laser energy to break down or fragment stones in various parts of the...

Parametric measurement for elliptical fiber and cable expressed as a ratio of the two-directional flow of power through the...

A fluorescent screen refers to a phosphorescent or fluorescent-coated surface that emits visible light when exposed to other...

The vertical angular disparity between the lines of sight of the left and right systems in a binocular instrument....

A device containing an electro-optic crystal and using the Pockels effect. A voltage applied across the crystal generates...

A medical imaging device that uses a ring of crystal/photomultiplier tube assemblies encircling the patient to detect gamma...

The figure of merit of a resonator, defined as (2p) x (average energy stored in the resonator)/(energy dissipated per...

A method used in surface quality testing for accurate positioning and rotation of metal spheres about an axis or fixed point...

Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...

A laser effect used especially for laser light shows. Lumia are created by placing a distorting medium such as rippled glass...

A fiber optic cable assembly refers to a complete unit consisting of optical fibers, connectors, protective jackets, and...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...

A laser using a dye solution as the active medium whose resonator is formed into a ring (or a triangle or another shape) by...

A beam shaper is an optical device or system designed to modify the spatial profile or intensity distribution of a laser or...

The internet of things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects...

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) refers to a phenomenon in wave physics, particularly in optics, where waves, such as light or...

1. A defect inherent in a multiple-axis positioning system whereby an adjustment of one axis causes an undesired change in...

In astronomy, the relation that states that the intensity of a star's visible radiation is inversely proportional to the...

An aspheric mirror is an optical mirror surface that deviates from the shape of a perfect sphere, having a non-spherical...

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...

Descriptive of the radiant power of visible light modified by the eye response. It is the measure of the flow of visible...

An optical combiner, in the context of optics and display technologies, refers to a device or component that combines...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...

An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens's optical center (or principal point) and the image sensor or...

Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...

Multiple, interconnected circuit elements, contained on or in a common substrate, that function as a unit and not separately.

A pollution-measuring device used to detect the presence of nitric oxide regardless of other gases present. It utilizes the...

In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...

A monochromator is an optical instrument used to isolate and select a narrow range of wavelengths from a broader spectrum of...

The Mills Cross telescope is a two dimensional radio telescope in which the two antenna arrays are positioned perpendicular...

A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...

Parallel scanning refers to a method of acquiring data or images simultaneously from multiple sources or in parallel, rather...

The plot that expresses a reaction rate vs. the reciprocal of absolute temperature. Often used to describe the thermal...

A multiple-beam interferometer, usually consisting of two flat plates, with high reflective ability. The plates are set...

The minimum value of luminance for vision. The value may vary with age as well as dark adaption period. (Measured range...

A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a miniaturized device that integrates various laboratory functions and capabilities onto a single,...

In optics, the term denoting the lack of a fixed phase relationship between two waves. If two incoherent waves are...

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, is an optical...

Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...

A simple electrostatic lens with a focus controlled by a single potential difference.

A contact tip made of artificial sapphire (AlO2) that allows surgeons to use laser power to cut and coagulate tissue...

Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...

A photographic method used to obtain an image of a subject by means of its reflectance of incident ultraviolet radiation. An...

A mechanism or device, especially a coating with a refractive index equal to or slightly greater than that of an optical...

An instrument for determining the temperature of a hot object by examining the color spectrum of the visible light it gives...

The distortion in an ophthalmic lens resulting from the refraction of light rays entering the periphery of the lens surface....

A laser-pumped crystal with nonlinear optical properties inside of an optical resonator in which the output generates...

Micro-robotics refers to the field of robotics that involves the design, development, and application of miniature robotic...

MTF analysis/measurement equipment refers to instruments and tools used to measure and analyze the modulation transfer...

An electronic device that minimizes short-term drift effects and random measurement error inherent in alternate...

A technique for improving the structure density of thin-film coatings by bombarding the growing film with accelerated ions...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...

Image processing peripheral that converts video images from cameras into digital format and transfers these digital images...

A spectroscopic technique that combines the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering and signal sensitivity provided by...

A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...

Laser optics refers to a broad category of optical components and systems designed for manipulating and controlling laser...

The principle stating that the displacement of spectrum lines is determined by the distance between, and relative velocity...

Description of an optical system in which all the elements are aligned on the same axis.

A wedge in a rangefinder or heightfinder used to displace the image produced by one telescope so that it coincides with that...

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of a magnetic field. It can detect...

In digital image processing, a subcategory of frame processing that treats each pixel in terms of its relationship to...

A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...

A process involving the interaction (absorption, emission or both) of two or more photons with a molecular entity.

A near-infrared (NIR) camera is an imaging device designed to capture images in the near-infrared region of the...

A device that converts alternating voltage to direct voltage, while at the same time increasing its amplitude.

The coupling of two circuits by the use of a light pipe through which photons are transmitted.

Philips trade name for a lead oxide low-light-level vidicon tube.

A factor, F, indicating the increase in shot noise in an avalanche photodiode as compared with the ideal multiplier, which...

A scanning probe microscope that analyzes the surface of a specimen by recording the intensity of light as it is focused...

A symbol used to represent the refractive index. It is commonly used with a subscript to represent the wavelength of light.

The term quantum refers to the fundamental unit or discrete amount of a physical quantity involved in interactions at the...

In photography, the technique of taking multiple pictures of the same subject at different exposures to compensate for...

Computer vision enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual data, such as images and videos. It...

In image processing, a specially designed programmable computer peripheral that attaches to the host system for the purpose...

In interferometry, the result of superimposing two wavefronts of identical shape, yielding a uniform intensity interference...

A system that uses a continuous-wave laser to measure the velocity of an object by focusing the laser beam on the object,...

The transmittance of a point on a photographic negative equal to the log to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the...

The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...

An optical assembly refers to a collection of optical components that are carefully arranged and aligned to perform a...

Contains the light or beam path within a laser device. The oscillator uses reflective optical components that are oriented...

A photon sieve is an optical device used in the field of optics and imaging. It's designed to focus and shape light,...

A device composed of dissimilar metals that, when welded together, develop a small voltage dependent upon the relative...

The description of the refractive index along a fiber diameter.

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

An imaging technique used in radiology that is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to produce...

Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...

A diffraction grating is an optical component consisting of a surface with a periodic structure of equally spaced, parallel...

A source that attempts to create the characteristics of an ideal blackbody. It consists of a cavity, generally spherical,...

CoaXPress (CoaXPress or CXP) is a standardized digital interface and communication protocol used primarily in machine vision...

A lock-in amplifier is a specialized electronic instrument used to extract and measure small signals embedded in noise or...

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...

Calorimetry is a branch of science that involves the measurement of heat flow in physical or chemical processes. It...

An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...

In vitro is a Latin term that translates to "in glass." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and medicine, it...

A coupling unit that enables more than one transmitter to operate at the same time or separately on the same antenna.

Equipment for testing an observer's color vision. Some tests require the identification or ordering of colored samples. The...

Germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) refers to a specific range of UV radiation that has disinfectant properties capable of killing...

The method by which photographic film is scanned by an electron beam. One technique uses the uniform light of a television...

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...

An adaptation by Philips and Sony of their audio compact disc technology for optical disc data storage and retrieval....

Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner...

A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...

A method of thin-film deposition in which electrons boiled off a heated cathode are used to melt the coating material. If a...

For a particular mode, the reciprocal of the rate of change of the phase constant with respect to angular frequency.

A strip or annulus of glass coated with a semitransparent material such as inconel. The coating thickness, and as a result...

The relationship between different wavelengths of light generated by a source, which may affect the spectral distribution of...

A discipline that combines optics and genetics to enable the use of light to stimulate and control cells in living tissue,...

Terahertz (THz) refers to a unit of frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, denoting waves with frequencies between 0.1...

Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring substances. These...

This term literally means "to lag behind.'' It is quite often used to describe the residual effect that remains after...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

A lens aberration, resulting from different magnifications in the various lens zones, that occurs in that part of the image...

A small half-shade analyzer placed in the eyepiece of a polarimeter to determine the character of the polarized light...

Radiation emitted by electrons when they travel in circular orbits at speeds close to that of light. Synchrotron radiation...

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

Prediction based on observations of nuclear masses in the valley of stability that indicates the maximum number of electrons...

Alphanumerical description of color according to Munsell hue, value and chroma.

A tool used to remove the outer cladding of an optical fiber without damaging the fiber core.

A fiber optic device that uses a HeNe laser, beamsplitter, monochromator and photomultiplier to detect trace levels of...

Radiation in which the phase relationship between any two points in the radiation field has a constant difference, or is...