Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of crystalline layers on a substrate material. Epitaxial growth is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing, allowing...

In a cathode tube, the electrode that serves as a source for electrons.

The effect in which photons are absorbed and excite the electrons; the electrons move from the valence band to the...

Also referred to as a bulb. The glass housing that encloses an incandescent source, or the glass or metal housing that...

1. In optics, the bending of light rays toward each other, as by a convex or positive lens. 2. Turning in the eyes to view a...

Abbreviated SoC. A single chip containing all the electronic circuits required for a complete, working product. SoCs are...

The deflection of an electron beam by the action of an electrostatic field that has a component perpendicular to the...

A cathode-ray tube that increases the brightness or size of an image or forms a visible image from invisible radiation. The...

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that enhances the Raman scattering signal of...

A technique for observing the decay of light emissions from sources following their pulsed excitations, based on recording...

Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...

A CCD camera, or charge-coupled device camera, is a type of digital camera that utilizes a CCD image sensor to capture and...

Referring to compound semiconductor materials combining one element that has three valence electrons with one or more that...

The bands of spectral lines representing the electronic transition in a molecule.

An electronic device consisting of a semiconductor material, generally germanium or silicon, and used for rectification,...

In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...

A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser. There are several types, including the induction linear...

Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (GaN-based LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric...

A ruticon is an opto-electronic device in which light going through it can be modulated by an electric field. The...

The scattering of electromagnetic waves by free electrons, whereby the incident radiation and the scattered radiation are of...

A lock-in amplifier is a specialized electronic instrument used to extract and measure small signals embedded in noise or...

A coil used to focus an electron beam by the generation of a magnetic field parallel to the beam.

The spectroscopic analysis of interference patterns using an electronic imaging tube with a Fabry-Perot interferometer to...

Two electrodes that shift the electron beam vertically on a cathode-ray tube screen using electrostatic deflection.

A CCD image sensor, or charge-coupled device image sensor, is a type of electronic device used to convert optical images...

Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically...

A mechanical or electronic device used to control the amount of time that a light-sensitive material is exposed to radiation.

A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser by supplying electrical energy to the electron beam...

Device in which contact ionization of atomic particles and thermionic electron emission are used to produce magnetically...

The high-speed electrons and positrons emitted by radioactive materials.

A metal coil or coils wrapped around the outside of the neck of a cathode-ray tube. Current passing through the coils...

An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...

An electron tube with an anode, a cathode and a regulating electrode (grid).

Prediction based on observations of nuclear masses in the valley of stability that indicates the maximum number of electrons...

1. A generic term for detector. 2. A complete optical/mechanical/electronic system that contains some form of radiation...

Rate at which optical radiation or a signal is varied through the use of a mechanical or electronic chopper. Also called...

The energy analysis of electrons released in a secondary step following initial excitation or ionization.

An arranged series of coils, magnets or electromagnets disposed in such a way that the resulting magnetic fields generate a...

1. A device used to trace out an object and build up an image. One of the most common of these types is video scanning. The...

A molded lens is an optical lens manufactured using a molding process, typically involving the shaping of a material, such...

A planar photocathode and a planar phosphor screen mounted in a close-spaced parallel configuration in an evacuated...

A shower of cosmic rays whereby a high-energy electron produces one or more photons that convert into electron pairs, the...

The freeing of electrons from an electrode into the surrounding space.

An accelerometer is a sensor or transducer that measures the rate of change of velocity of an object, or in simpler terms,...

With respect to display systems, a device that uses an independent light source and a control-layer medium, the active...

An electrostatic device that uses an electric potential barrier to allow the transmittance of electrons at or above a set...

Piezoresistance is a phenomenon in materials science and physics where the electrical resistance of a material changes in...

CID, or charge injection device, camera refers to a type of imaging device that utilizes a specific kind of solid-state...

A method of erasable optical data storage in which information is stored by visible light, then read by illumination with an...

Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, based on the notion that electrons with opposite momentum and spin...

Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...

An electron tube whose electrical characteristics will not be affected by gaseous ionization because of its high degree of...

An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...

In semiconductor physics, the term bandgap refers to the energy range in a material where no electronic states are allowed....

A diode with a semiconducting material, such as germanium or silicon, for one electrode, and a fine wire "whisker''...

A device using the Kerr effect to read back the signals from mechanically recorded tapes and discs. It consists of a light...

A device designed to detect microwave modulation and to mix modulated and unmodulated laser beams. It consists of a...

Laser marking is a process in which a laser beam is used to mark or engrave a surface by altering its properties or...

The electron stream emitted by a phototube when the cathode is exposed to light.

The amount of energy required to raise the energy level of an atom; a necessity if the atom is to radiate energy. High...

A single housing that includes means of recording an image photographically and electronically.

The time it takes a cathode-ray tube's electron beam to return to its starting point after completing one line, one field or...

A semiconductor is a type of material that has electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. In...

An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...

An optical circuit, either monolithic or hybrid, composed of active and passive components, used for coupling between...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

A detector and signal demodulator used in optical communications systems to receive a signal and often to translate it into...

An OLED display that has an integrated electronic backplane as its substrate. Active-matrix OLED displays use at least two...

A swept-source laser, also known as a wavelength-swept laser, is a type of laser that rapidly and continuously changes its...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...

The greatest wavelength of radiation for a specified surface for the emission of electrons.

Photolithography is a key process in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, and...

The photographic recording, and later enlarging, of very thin specimens, using an electron beam to form the image.

An electron-beam tube designed so that the beam can be carried through a portion of the wall of an evacuated enclosure.

A photomultiplier tube (PMT) is a highly sensitive vacuum tube that detects and amplifies low levels of light. It is widely...

An X-Y electrically addressable series of arrays with individual electron emitters bombarding a phosphor-coated transparent...

The conduction of electricity in a gas as a result of the ions generated by collisions between electrons and gas molecules.

A blue diode laser is a type of semiconductor laser that emits light in the blue wavelength range of the electromagnetic...

The circuit that regulates an electron beam's deflection in a cathode-ray tube.

Ferroelectric materials are a type of dielectric materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, meaning they...

A transducer is a device or component that converts one form of energy into another. It is commonly used in various fields,...

A method that uses electronic means to move the scanning spot along the scanning line.

In an optical fiber or waveguide communications system, an optoelectronic device or module that receives an optical signal,...

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) is a semiconductor alloy composed of gallium (Ga), arsenic (As), and phosphorus (P). It...

That property of a material that determines its ability to release electrons when absorbing photons.

A negatively charged elementary particle. See electron.

The nonthermal conversion of electrical energy into light in a liquid or solid substance. The photon emission resulting from...

An infrared imaging device composed of a detector array and readout electronics. It may include a cryogenic cooling system....

Power modulation refers to the intentional variation of power levels in a signal, often in the context of electronic...

An image-forming instrument in which a strong electrostatic field causes cold emission of electrons from a sharply rounded...

Line scan refers to a method of capturing images or data by scanning a single line at a time, as opposed to capturing the...

The auxiliary electrode in a photomultiplier that gives rise to secondary emission and amplification when bombarded by...

An impurity in a material that is capable of inducing electrical conduction in that material by transferring an electron to...

A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...

A CCD device in which a solid-state electron multiplying register has been added to the end of the normal serial register....

Epitaxial refers to the growth of a crystalline layer on a crystalline substrate in such a way that the orientation of the...

The principle that electronic energy transitions occur at such speeds that the nuclei of the atoms in the molecular system...

A cathode-ray tube that either splits an electron beam from one source or uses beams from two sources to produce two beams,...

In a cathode-ray tube, the visible line or lines formed on the screen by the deflection of the electron stream.

A complicated constant linked with the electron theory of the Faraday and Kerr effect. It demonstrates a specific value for...

A monolithic device containing both photonic and electronic sources, detectors, modulators, etc., on a single semiconductor...

1. The use of an electronic microdensitometer to measure points of equal density on a photographic deposit. 2. A technique...

A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...

A spectrum band that is usually found in the visible or the ultraviolet because of the electron transitions taking place...

In the context of electronics and optics, an isolator refers to a device that allows the transmission of signals in one...

Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...

An electronic tube instrument in which the anode current varies with the intensity of light incident on the cathode.

A device, either visual or electronic, that emits signals to identify set positions for use in the navigation of aircraft...

A method of producing an essentially constant output signal from an electronic circuit despite variations in the strength of...

The coupled pairs of electrons that carry supercurrents through the body of a superconductor, relative to a coherent...

An electro-optical infrared tracker consisting of a beamsplitter, an illuminating source, an image dissector tube and an...

Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...

A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...

Oscilloscope electronic circuit that produces an output pulse whose pulse width is determined by the time that the output...

A color center, in the context of materials science and condensed matter physics, refers to a specific type of...

With respect to the crystal, the decrease in energy that follows the process whereby the ions, separated from each other by...

A disc contained within an electronic cell counter for regulating light transmission.

Micro-optics refers to the design, fabrication, and application of optical components and systems at a microscale level....

The use of optical or electronic recording systems to extract information from the terrain, while aloft, for reconnaissance...

Area scan, in the context of imaging and cameras, refers to a method of capturing an entire two-dimensional image in a...

A television camera tube in which a low-velocity electron beam scans a photoactive mosaic that has been created by an...

Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...

An electrophoretic display, often referred to as an electronic paper display or e-paper display, is a type of electronic...

An electron tube containing neon gas that uses the transmission of an electric current through the gas to ionize the neon...

The amount of energy required for a particular kind of atom to remove an electron to infinite distance. The ionization...

A device that prevents electrons from a saturated pixel in a CCD imaging device from spilling into an adjacent pixel. The...

The control of free electron movement through the use of electrical or magnetic fields, and use of this electron movement in...

Referred to as SWCNTs, these cylindrical nanostructures composed of a folded sheet of graphene can be used as near-infrared...

An extremely short, high intensity electronic flash of light, having a duration of about 1 x 10-6 s, used in photographing...

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nanolithography technique used for fabricating nanoscale patterns on a substrate. It is a...

The production of a positron-electron pair by a photon having energy greater than one mega-electron-volt, whereby some of...

A device utilizing an electron beam for the observation and recording of submicroscopic samples with the aid of photographic...

Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...

A nanotube, also known as a nanotubule or simply a tube-like structure, is a nanoscale cylindrical structure composed of...

A transistor that uses an electro-luminescent source, a transparent base and a photoelectric collector.

1. The negative electrode of a device in an electrical circuit. 2. The positive electrode of a primary cell or storage...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to obtain high-resolution,...

An electron beam gun in which plasma that is generated within a low-voltage hollow-cathode discharge serves as the source of...

Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...

One of the electrodes used to focus the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube. As the electrode's voltage is changed, its...

An image converter that produces a visible image based on the infrared emittance of the object. The infrared energy is...

A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned,...

A device that combines electronic and optical techniques to form a monitored infrared signal between 1 and 14 µm. It...

In chemistry, a device in which a chemical reaction takes place. In electronics, a device that introduces reactance into a...

Also known as cathode rays. Formerly, this term described a stream of electrons emitted from the cathode of a gas-discharge...

A pump-probe technique whereby a single wavelength source may be used in order to excite a given sample to determine...

The bending of an electron stream that occurs when the stream travels through a medium such as very thin metal foil.

In analysis, the carbon layer that is evaporation-deposited on a specimen to protect and ready it for study by electron...

An electron instrument used to reflect an electron beam totally.

An electron tube having two electron guns, one on each side of the storage medium, to encode the information onto the...

Any device in which the passage of electrons through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor is the principal means of conduction.

The focusing of an electron beam by a magnetic field that permanently retains the majority of its magnetic properties.

A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiode is a type of photodetector that consists of metal electrodes on a semiconductor...

A small xenon-filled tube with metal electrodes fused into the ends. The gas flashes brilliantly when a condenser is...

In the context of thin film deposition processes such as evaporation or sputtering, masks are used to selectively deposit...

A laser in which stimulated emission is triggered by the absorption by electrons of light from an auxiliary source such as a...

A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a...

A contour mapping technique that uses electronic scanning and sampling techniques instead of a reference grating (see moire...

A quantum well is a structure in quantum mechanics that confines particles, such as electrons or holes, in one spatial...

A television camera tube that preceded the development of the vidicon tube and incorporated a method to separate reflected...

An advanced magnetic device used in x-ray lithography to beam x-rays onto the surface of silicon wafers used for...

An electron tube that stores and visually displays information by means of a cathode-ray-beam-scanning and charge-storage...

Optical manufacturing tools and machinery encompass a wide range of equipment, instruments, and systems used in the...

Laser texturing is a manufacturing process that involves using a laser beam to selectively modify the surface of a material,...

An array of spectral lines formed when a beam of electrons, striking a crystalline solid, is scattered. It is used in the...

An exciton is a quasiparticle that represents the bound state of an electron and a hole in a solid-state material, typically...

The term perovskite refers to a specific crystal structure commonly found in various materials. Perovskite structures have a...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

In target tracking, a technique for speeding up the image processing by removing bunches of pixels that are outside the area...

The formation of transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors and other electronic elements directly on a flake of silicon by...

In computer graphics, the point on the display screen where the electron beam is located before the display instruction is...

Fused quartz and silica are closely related materials, both composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO2), but they are...

A vacuum tube with an electron gun at one end and a fluorescent screen at the other. Electrons emitted from a heated...

A term applied to the recording of video images by means of magnetic tape or disc, so that the image's record can be played...

An instrument that serves to produce an enlarged electron image on a fluorescent screen by focusing an infrared image of a...

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) refers to a technology that converts heat energy into electricity using the principles of...

In detectors, the ability to switch on and off electronically, thus producing the effect of a mechanical shutter.

A sensitometer that utilizes an electronic flashtube or a photoflash lamp as both the light source and the shutter for...

A noncontact form of electromodulation in which modulation of the electric field is caused by photo-excited electron-hole...

A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...

A cathode-ray tube in which secondary emission electrons form a display of high intensity.

The variation of the electronically detected signal with respect to the scaled version of the classical optical signal...

The surface from which electrons are ejected by the incidence and absorption of photons.

In the context of optical materials, the term "impurity level" refers to the presence of foreign atoms or molecules within...

A system in which a supplied signal causes the deflection of the electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, thus forming a visible...

Pixel binning, also known as pixel merging or pixel combining, is a technique used in digital imaging and camera technology....

A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...

An instrument used to detect radioactive materials: alpha particles or helium nuclei; beta particles or free electrons; and...

The Lorentz oscillator model is a theoretical model used in physics to describe the response of a charged particle (such as...

An electron lens consisting of a homogeneous axial electric field and a magnetic field used in high-quality image tubes for...

A mechanical shutter that has had its timing escapement replaced with an electronic timing circuit. This circuit allows a...

A nitrogen vacancy (NV) refers to a specific type of defect or impurity in a crystal lattice where a nitrogen atom replaces...

The efficiency of scattering by an atom in a particular direction, expressed as: where AA is the amplitude of the wave from...

The use of a tightly focused beam of electrons to drill minute holes in substances. The drilling is accomplished by the...

Any form of lens, optical system (camera, telescope, microscope, etc.), or opto-electronics utilized for the purpose of...

The radiation emitted in semiconductors when electrons in the conduction band recombine with holes in the valence band. If...

An analytical technique used to determine the nature of extremely small samples by forming the x-ray spectrum of the samples...

A circuit that permits feedback in an electronic device.

GaN (Gallium Nitride) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers refer to a specific type of semiconductor laser based on Gallium...

The method of disintegrating the substance of the cathode by bombarding it with ions and depositing it on another electrode...

Particle acceleration refers to the process by which charged particles, such as electrons or protons, gain kinetic energy...

Filoviruses are a family of viruses that are responsible for severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and...

The use of a short-duration electron beam to record high-speed events that occur in microscopic objects made of materials...

The point at which short-wavelength transmission is cut off.

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...

Optical noise refers to undesirable fluctuations or disturbances in an optical signal that can affect the quality or...

A microscope used either to detect selective absorption of various wavelengths by the specimen or to achieve increased...

An electron-beam tube in which the current to an output electrode is regulated by the transverse motion of the tube's...

An image intensifier that consists of an evacuated tube with a large input phosphor screen at one end. The phosphor screen...

The number of electrons that each pixel of a charge-coupled device can hold without overflowing and causing blooming.

An InGaAs photodiode refers to a photodetector device that is constructed using a semiconductor material composed of a...

Electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by an electron as it is accelerated or decelerated while moving through the...

A photocathode having a P-type semiconductor with a work function less than its bandgap. The photocathode can release a...

Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment or experience that can be...

Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...

A device that enlarges and strengthens a signal's output without significantly distorting its original waveshape. There are...

An apparatus, designed for use with a camera, that is used to rapidly open the path from lens to film, to maintain the...

An imaging device whose technology contributes three specific advantages: ability to study large solid specimens that...

The use of an electric field or signal to couple a lightwave from one dielectric waveguide into another dielectric waveguide.

The deflection of a beam of electrons, at regular intervals, across a cathode-ray tube screen, according to a definite...

A photodetector in which an electrical charge is produced when incident photons change electrons within the detecting...

Observed phenomenon in laser pulses in which a large number of excited electrons are created and in which multiphoton...

Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word...

The electrical distribution that serves to influence an electron beam in the same way that an optical lens affects a light...

An LED (light-emitting diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

A loss of resolution or detail in a television signal caused by the size of the electron scanning beam.

An absorption peak refers to a sharp increase or spike in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at a particular...

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...

The photographic recording of images produced by the electrons from an electron microscope. The electron beam carries the...

Electron released in photoelectric activity.

A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...

A photographic or electronic recording of an optical interference pattern.

A source made to glow by electrons that are produced either electrically or by isotopes of various elements.

An OLED display that has an integrated electronic backplane as its substrate. Active-matrix OLED displays use at least two...

An optical coupling device that uses light to bridge the gap between incompatible wire communications systems. It contains...

A photovoltaic cell, commonly known as a solar cell, is a semiconductor device that directly converts light energy into...

The photographic recording of a subject that exhibits luminescence only for an extremely short time (10-8 s) after the...

Astronomical detector consisting of a photocathode isolated from the target by a coin value from which electrons are focused...

An instrument for the detection of the energy distribution of b-particles and secondary electrons.

A type of color-generating cathode-ray tube that uses a shadow mask, a thin perforated electrode, located close to the...

Radiation emitted by electrons when they travel in circular orbits at speeds close to that of light. Synchrotron radiation...

Germanium crystal refers to a crystalline form of the element germanium (Ge), which is a metalloid and semiconductor...

The process in which the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube varies in intensity in accordance with the magnitude of the...

Operates with light collectively emitted by the recombination of free electrons and ions in the plasma state.

The number of electrons that can share a principal quantum number by preventing identity between any two electrons' four...

A device that utilizes avalanche multiplication of photocurrent by means of hole-electrons created by absorbed photons. When...

1. A device generally used in a cathode-ray or camera tube to emit a stream of electrons moving at uniform velocity in a...

Optical fiber optic switches are devices used in optical fiber communication systems to selectively route optical signals...

An electron system using the effect of a constant magnetic field on electron paths to differentiate electrons that have...

Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...

A quadrivalent semiconductor material, with electrons as the majority charge carriers, that is formed by doping with donor...

A charged elementary particle of an atom; the term is most commonly used in reference to the negatively charged particle...

The creation of free electrons within a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons. The effect produces an...

An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...

A device that permits only electrons within a narrow velocity range to pass through it, while rejecting those above and...

An electronic device used to encode video and audio signals of a television camera into radio waves that are broadcast to...

Chalcogenide refers to a class of compounds containing elements from group 16 of the periodic table, which includes sulfur...

gas laser using ionized argon as the active medium and applying electronic excitation in order to produce the laser light

A transformer that is designed to regulate the amount of current that passes through an electron tube's filament.

A type of change in the energy levels of molecules in a laser that results in lasing action. Vibronic transitions are those...

Formula that describes the thermal equilibrium of gas electrons and ions as a direct function of variations in temperature.

Volumetric imaging refers to the capture, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) information from a volume of...

Approximation of a system of thermal equilibrium formed by the distribution of the kinetic energies of electrons in a gas...

A two-electrode device with an anode and a cathode that passes current in only one direction. It may be designed as an...

1. The anode or anticathode of an x-ray tube that emits x-rays when bombarded by electrons. 2. The screen in a television...

A silicon photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. It is a type of photodetector...

A device that uses a piezoelectric crystal to convert ultrasonic sound waves, transmitted through a subject, into a voltage...

Whole slide imaging (WSI), also known as virtual slide microscopy or digital pathology, is a technology that involves the...

The use of photonic devices rather than electronic devices to make connections within and between integrated circuits.

Optical design software refers to specialized computer programs used by optical engineers, physicists, and designers to...

Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...

In a semiconductor, the state created by the addition of a dopant that provides excess electrons.

An electronic device that minimizes short-term drift effects and random measurement error inherent in alternate...

Also known as gas focusing. The introduction of an inert gas into a cathode-ray tube for the concentration of the electron...

A camera tube similar in design to the iconoscope. However, the image formed in the image iconoscope is projected on a...

With respect to television, the returning direction of the electron beam during the vertical blanking period.

Photonic crystals are artificial structures or materials designed to manipulate and control the flow of light in a manner...

A type of computer in which the electronic circuits, which process data serially, are replaced by photonic circuits capable...

A medical imaging device that uses a ring of crystal/photomultiplier tube assemblies encircling the patient to detect gamma...

An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

An instrument designed to produce very hard x-rays by the acceleration of electrons in a varying magnetic field.

A thermionic tube that has a velocity-modulated electron stream and that may be used as a microwave amplifier or oscillator.

The analysis of metal structure using an optical or electron microscope, generally with a camera, to record observations.

Interferometric modulator display (IMOD) is a type of display technology used in electronic devices, known for its energy...

An electron tube that is used as a camera tube for a television system. When the picture to be transmitted is focused on a...

The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The...

Complex devices, often involving a computer, in which a photograph is scanned by a point of light, the amplitude of the...

Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...

An emission spectrum is a graphical representation or a characteristic pattern of the wavelengths or frequencies of light...

The use of an applied electrical field to focus a cathode-ray tube's electron beam.

An electron tube that has an anode, a cathode, a control electrode and another electrode (usually a screen grid).

A device used to count objects that pass a given point by allowing each object to obstruct a beam of light falling on a...

A series of flanges or other conducting surfaces, usually metal, attached to an electronic device to transmit and dissipate...

A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...

A fiber-coupled photoconductive antenna (FCPA) is a type of optoelectronic device that combines a photoconductive antenna...

A fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) is a type of gyroscope that uses the interference of light waves to detect changes in...

In optical character recognition, the mechanical or electronic transducer used to detect the level of illumination present...

A flexible display refers to a type of electronic visual display that is designed to be bendable, foldable, or rollable,...

An electronic flash tube in which the flash recurs at a frequency extending to many thousands per second. A stroboscopic...

In electronics, the coupling of power from stage to stage by the use of an input or output element in the cathode.

Electronic circuit capable of distinguishing the pulses emitted by separate counters in a given time phase and determining...

An array of active optical devices (modulators, laser diodes and/or detectors), each of whose electrical inputs or outputs...

An electronic display in which a flat screen is formed by an orthogonal array of display devices, such as electroluminescent...

An electrowetting display (EWD) is a type of electronic display technology that utilizes the principles of electrowetting to...

A mixed-signal oscilloscope (MSO) is a type of electronic test instrument that combines the capabilities of both a...

Component that is externally controlled via electronic or photon signal.

A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....

A camera containing an electronic image sensor that converts the image to an electronic signal suitable for television...

A device used in a free-electron laser to convert the electron-beam's energy into microwave laser radiation by creating a...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

An electronic flash tube capable of repeated operation at hundreds or thousands of flashes per second for long periods.

Text or images printed on paper or another tangible medium, as opposed to those viewed electronically on a cathode-ray-tube...

The conductivity increase exhibited by some nonmetallic materials, resulting from the free carriers generated when photon...

The arc formed when the rare gas xenon is excited electrically and emits a brilliant white light. Xenon is used to fill...

A maser that relies on the fact that electrons in orbital motion in high-magnetic fields will emit energy at the cyclotron...

A light, radar or electron beam used to scan according to a particular method.

Also known as cathode-ray tube grid or shield. A cylindrically shaped electrode that, containing the cathode of a...

Short-lived molecular or atomic particles, with an unpaired electron, that play an important part in many photochemical...

In fiber optic communications, a light source whose beam can be modulated and sent along an optical fiber, and the...

An electron tube whose current flow is affected by the pressure on the gas or vapor contained in the tube.

A slab-shaped, very low profile package for electronic components; often used when printed circuit boards must be closely...

That branch of science involved in the study and utilization of the motion, emissions and behaviors of currents of...

An edge-emitting light-emitting diode is a type of LED structure where light emission occurs primarily along the edge of the...

In a crystalline substance, the spectral range of states of energy that contains the crystal's binding valence electrons.

Virtual histology refers to the use of digital technology and computational methods to simulate or recreate histological...

Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...

A device to modulate spatially a collimated coherent beam of light with input data in optical data processing. It uses a...

A diode electron tube that contains a heated cathode.

A frame taken with a CCD camera of a surface that is evenly illuminated by diffuse light. This frame shows irregularities in...

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

A microchannel plate (MCP) is a specialized electron multiplier device used in various applications such as particle...

A small television monitor that replaces the reflex viewfinder in a television camera.

A cathode-ray tube that serves as a picture tube in a television receiver. The signal representing the picture intensity is...

A diode laser is a type of laser that uses a semiconductor diode as the active medium to generate coherent light....

A linear computation or algorithm performed on a selected series in the form of an input signal that produces a new series...

Plasmon ion-assisted deposition (PIAD) is a technique used in thin-film deposition processes, particularly in the production...

The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...

Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...

The freeing of electrons from a filament in an electron tube as the result of the filament being heated by an electric...

Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes...

An inorganic compound, yellow to orange in color, that fluoresces strongly enough when bombarded by a high-current-density...

A thin layer of a substance deposited on an insulating base in a vacuum by a microelectronic process. Thin films are most...

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...

A package for electronic components that is suited for automated assembly into printed circuit boards. The DIP is...

The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...

Basically, a hydrogen atom with two alterations, positronium is the lightest atom in the universe and has an extremely light...

The recording achieved when a surface, illuminated by a signal-controlled light beam, emits electrons or reacts in some...

A character generation CRT that functions on the principle of secondary emission. The target holds a set of aluminum...

A gas made up of electrons and ions.

Gamma ray radiation released when matter and antimatter, such as electron and positron, unite and eliminate each other,...

Electron lens consisting of an homogeneous axial electric field.

A display device having a thermoplastic film as the control layer medium. The film, moving from a playoff reel, is scanned...

A device used in electron microscopes and particle accelerators to focus electron beams by the arrangement of four...

A fiber optic spectrometer is a device used for measuring the spectral content of light. It utilizes optical fibers to...

Calculated quantity of the entire longitudinal wave of a solid substance's electron gas.

Optical materials refer to substances or compounds specifically chosen for their optical properties and used in the...

A night-vision device that uses one or more infrared transducers to scan a scene in the 3- to 5-µm or 8- to...

To control, by magnifying or reducing, the size of a televised image, either electronically or optically.

A technique for measuring the energy spectrum of electrons emitted during the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. This...

Developed for use in military reconnaissance systems, it consists of a polygonal mirror, drive motor, interface between...

The constant that, multiplied by the frequency of the radiation-producing emission of photoelectrons, determines the amount...

A method for detecting vibration amplitudes analogous to image holography, except that the film emulsion is replaced by a...

In chemistry, a halide refers to a chemical compound containing one or more halogen atoms bonded to another element. The...

A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...

A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...

A device that serves to detect the presence of vacuum ultraviolet radiation. It may be photographic film, a thermopile, ion...

The pattern formed by a character generation cathode-ray tube system, in which the characters are composed of a sequence of...

A type of electron microscope in which the specimen also serves as the cathode source.

A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...

Radiation that does not produce free electrons and ions, or electrically charged particles.

A semiconductor made up of two or more elements, in contrast to those composed of a single element such as germanium or...

Collisional absorption of energy that occurs in inertial confinement fusion systems when hydrodynamic expansion of the...

A fiber optic transceiver, often simply referred to as an "optical transceiver," is a device used in fiber optic...

Optical design and engineering services involve the development, customization, and optimization of optical systems and...

Attosecond photonics sources refer to devices or systems that generate extremely short pulses of light on the order of...

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a manufacturing process that involves creating three-dimensional...

An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a device used to modulate the amplitude, phase, or polarization of light waves using an...

The interaction between a photon and an energetic electron, caused by collision, that transfers energy from the electron to...

Effect whereby two electrons lose synchronism with the accelerating field and are lost during synchronous radiation. The...

The positive ion current created in an electron tube as a result of the collisions between electrons and residual gas...

Carrier injection refers to the process of introducing charge carriers (either electrons or holes) into a semiconductor...

QLED stands for quantum dot light-emitting diode. QLED is a display technology that utilizes quantum dots, which are...

A technique for detecting free radicals by their electronic spectra. The material to be studied is placed in a...

Quantum efficiency (QE) is a measure of the effectiveness with which a device or system, typically in the context of...

RGB stands for red, green, blue, which are the primary colors of light used in additive color mixing. The RGB color model is...

An electro-optic system using, in general form, an evacuated glass envelope with a semitransparent photocathode at one end...

An electronic transducer, either fixed or adjustable, that reduces the amplitude of a wave without causing significant...

In semiconductor physics and materials science, the term "III-V materials" refers to compounds composed of elements from...

A GaAlAs laser is a type of semiconductor laser diode that emits light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic...

In photonics, a lattice refers to a periodic arrangement of optical elements or structures, often on a microscopic or...

A Peltier cooler, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) or thermoelectric module, is a solid-state device that uses...

Indium phosphide (InP) is a compound semiconductor material composed of indium (In) and phosphorus (P). It belongs to the...

A CMOS camera refers to an imaging device that employs a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to...

Reciprocal magnetic interaction between nuclei in a molecular system facilitated by the binding electrons of the molecule.

The theoretical explanation and analysis of the interactions between electron waves and crystals used in studying electron...

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...

An electron microscope that uses a beam of electrons -- accelerated to high energy and focused on the sample -- to scan the...

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) refers to a technology used in the fabrication of integrated circuits,...

A photomask, also known simply as a mask or reticle, is a key component in the photolithography process used in...

Noise generated by the random variations in the number and velocity of the electrons from an emitter.

A form of photography in which an electronic camera converts an image to an electronic signal that is stored in digital...

An infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a semiconductor device that emits infrared light when an electric current...

Photoresist is a light-sensitive material used in photolithography processes, particularly in the fabrication of...

A MEMS fiber optic switch is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device designed to selectively route optical signals...

Light produced when a metal is bombarded with high-velocity electrons causing small amounts of the metal to vaporize and...

A cathode that emits electrons, not with the influence of heat radiation, but by means of a high-voltage gradient at its...

A device used in the sputtering of thin films, in which a magnet system on the back of the cathode deflects the electrons,...

The absorption of a photon raising an electron across the forbidden gap from valence to conduction band of the semiconductor...

The emission of free electrons by a rise in temperature of the cathode alone.

An electric or electronic device that regulates the voltage going to a light source as a means of varying the intensity of...

An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and, as a result, carries a negative or positive charge.

A thin-film device containing miniature optical components connected via optical waveguides on a transparent dielectric...

Silicon carbide (SiC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current is...

High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...

Rare earth dopants refer to elements from the lanthanide series, also known as rare earth elements, that are intentionally...

A device used to accelerate the electrons in a free-electron laser by channeling microwave energy into waveguide cavity...

Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...

An optical clock is a highly precise and advanced timekeeping device that relies on the oscillations of electromagnetic...

Photoconductivity that may be extended as far as the microwave region because of the absorption of photons by electrons.

Also known as amplification. 1. The increase in a signal that is transmitted from one point to another through an amplifier....

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a compound made up of gallium (Ga) and nitrogen (N). It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material...

An image intensifier that uses electrostatics to amplify and focus the electronic image.

That branch of metallurgy that uses electron microscopic techniques in the examination of the nature of metals.

The recording of the information contained in a modulated electron beam onto photographic or silicon resin-coated materials....

A thin-film device that integrates optics and electronics on a single chip to provide a passive-ring resonator gyroscope...

The storage surface of an electron beam tube that is scanned by an electron beam to generate an output-signal current...

The amount of time needed for a detector signal or electronic circuit to reach 63 percent of its final value after a fixed...

Any integrated circuit that also makes use of one or more discrete components; frequently used to describe circuits that...

The electron emission from a substance or instrument whose surface has been bombarded by a suitable amount of radiation.

A method of thin-film deposition in which electrons boiled off a heated cathode are used to melt the coating material. If a...

A substrate refers to a material or surface upon which another material or process is applied or deposited. In various...

Continuous wave (CW) refers to a type of signal or transmission where the signal is constant and does not vary with time. In...

The phenomenon whereby an electron within a band absorbs radiation by transferring from a low-energy level to an empty...

PCSEL stands for "photonic crystal surface-emitting laser." It refers to a type of laser diode that emits light from its...

An electron tube having a photocathode for the emission of a photoelectric current.

An electromagnon is a quasiparticle excitation that combines aspects of both magnetism and electric polarization in a...

Means of correcting laser postweld shift. The correction procedure is applied to optoelectronic systems such as laser diode...

A camera tube widely used in television broadcasting. It consists of three sections within a single vacuum envelope. 1. A...

The creation of a planned sequence of data input that is obtained while airborne for use in aerial photogrammetry and other...

A photon-counting instrument for use in both space-borne and ground-based photometric and spectroscopic instrumentation....

Technique for the precision evaluation of coincidence of a laser beam's center with the edge of the object under study and...

The amount of x-rays used to penetrate and diffuse a target sample undergoing electron-probe microanalysis.

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

A spectroscopic technique in which an excitation band absorbs laser energy resulting in an electronic transition. The...

A vibrational transition refers to a change in the vibrational energy of a molecule. Molecules consist of atoms that are...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

A method of lasing in which free electrons in a laser-produced plasma collide with neonlike ions to excite electrons to...

A broadband filter is an electronic or electromagnetic device designed to pass a range of frequencies or signals within a...

The luminous trace formed on the cathode-ray tube screen by the motion of the electron beam.

A partially filled or empty energy band through which electrons can move easily. The material can therefore carry an...

A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium...

Attenuation refers to the gradual loss or reduction of intensity, force, or magnitude of a particular property as it...

A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...

A special evacuated camera equipped with means for holding a specimen and bombarding it with a sharply focused beam of...

A camera tube that employs a high-velocity electron beam to scan a photoemissive mosaic and to store electrical charge...

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) refers to a specific range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum....

A device, optical or electronic, that may be joined to a camera so that the operator may perceive the scene as the camera...

A nonmagnetic instrument utilizing an electrofocus and deflection tube with a photocathode for imaging purposes. The optical...

The picture formed by the scanning beam of electrons in a scanning electron microscope.

In the context of materials science and semiconductor physics, doping refers to the intentional introduction of impurities...

A device used to control or block a light beam by means of the Kerr electro-optical effect, and other electro-optic devices...

A technique for reducing data processing requirements by electronically defining only a small portion of the image to be...

The theory and interpretation of spectra produced by the electron emissions of substances after their irradiation by x-rays.

A frame taken to identify electronic noise in a CCD imaging device. A dark frame is recorded without exposing the CCD to any...

The method of acquiring characteristic x-ray spectra from microscopic samples by use of the combination of a scanning...

In fiber optics, the use of a detector to study the range of refractive indices achieved at various wavelengths. This...

The splitting of an element's spectral line as the result of the interactions between the electron spin and the spins of...

The changing of the kinetic energy of a mobile electron into radiant energy, as in formation of x-rays.

A diagram that uses special symbols called logic symbols to represent the detailed functioning of electronic logic circuits....

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are substances or compounds used to enhance the thermal conductivity between two surfaces...

In television, the period during which the electron beam is cut off while the raster returns from the right-hand side of the...

A femtosecond laser is a type of laser that emits ultrashort pulses of light with durations on the order of femtoseconds,...

Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation...

An electric field produced to influence an electron stream much in the same manner that a lens affects a light beam.

Impurity in a semiconductor or any other electroluminescent device capable of inducing hole conduction and accepting a...

Modulator/demodulator. An electronic device that modulates and demodulates signals transmitted over communications lines.

1. The branch of physics that deals with the use of electrical energy to create or manipulate light waves, generally by...

A mask-alignment microscope used to produce and inspect microcircuits in the electronics industry. It provides flat-field,...

Surface analysis by means of photon induced electron emission. PEM methods provide high lateral resolution of the observed...

A still camera with a shutter capable of opening for a time as short as a fraction of a microsecond. An electronically...

A camera designed to form a continuous record of an expansive section of the horizon. The typical panoramic camera is...

A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...

Mechanical device intended for the translation (rotational and linear) using high precision control from electronically...

Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a type of electronic image sensor used in various imaging devices, including digital...

A laser warning and countermeasure system containing a sensor that indicates the direction of a laser beam, and analytical...

A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...

The part of an electrical circuit in which the electrons leave (a cathode-ray tube) or enter (an electrolytic cell) a unit...

An electron tube that employs electromagnetic radiation to produce a visual replica of an image produced on its cathode....

Integrated photonics is a field of study and technology that involves the integration of optical components, such as lasers,...

Micro-LED (micro-light-emitting diode) refers to a technology that involves the use of very small light-emitting diodes to...

An intensified charge-coupled device that uses a large negative charge at the grid to switch off the flow of electrons at...

Optical switching refers to the process of controlling the routing or transmission of optical signals within a network using...

The method by which photographic film is scanned by an electron beam. One technique uses the uniform light of a television...

Gain-switching is a technique used in lasers to generate short pulses of light by modulating the gain of the laser medium....

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

An instrument that can preselect intervals, often in increments of 1, 10 or 100 ns, for the generation of electronic pulses...

Referring to compound semiconductor materials combining one element with two valence electrons and one or more with six....

A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...

Graphene is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...

The product of Avogadro's constant and the electrical charge of an electron; thus, the electrical charge carried by 1 gmol...

The gas of charged particles that begins approximately 50 km above the surface of the Earth and contains a sufficient...

Also known as electronic photometer. A photometer with a photocell, phototransistor or phototube for measuring the intensity...

A photoelectric detector consisting of a glass tube internally coated with a low conductance material. Voltage applied along...

Die bonding is a critical process in semiconductor manufacturing and microelectronics assembly, where a semiconductor die or...

A technique proposed for studying the atomic structure of crystals by measuring the interference pattern generated when the...

Also known as an anticathode. An electrode or electrode section that is focused upon by an electron beam and that emits...

A technique for producing micron-size structures on surfaces by using short-wavelength light or electron beams.

An APD detector, or avalanche photodiode detector, is a type of photodetector used to detect light or optical signals by...

A nondestructive testing method for very large scale integration circuits, using a scanning electron microscope to monitor...

A chemical substance that exhibits fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet radiation, x-rays or an electron beam. The...

The emission of an electron from a surface that occurs when a photon impinges upon the surface and is absorbed. This effect...

Category inclusive of all radiation that is incited electronically, except laser radiation, as a function of the application...

The phenomenon observed by A.H. Compton in 1923 -- that some scattered radiation possesses a longer wavelength and...

A time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) is an electronic circuit that converts a time interval between two events into an...

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...

A PIN photodiode is a type of photodetector or semiconductor device used to convert light signals into electrical signals....

A stream of electrons emitted by a single source that move in the same direction and at the same speed.

An optical gate typically refers to a device or system that controls the transmission of light, allowing it to pass through...

The spontaneous visual presentation of radar information by electronic traces on a cathode-ray tube.

A device that uses four electrodes set in an alternating positive-negative polarity series to focus the beams of charged...

An amplifying device with a wide tuning range in which an electron gun sends a beam of electrons into a slow-wave structure....

An electron-beam tube with power-handling capability that is essentially based on controlled electron beams. Its control and...

The progressive defocusing of a cathode-ray tube display image that occurs when the deflected electron beam impinges on the...

The ejection of electrons from the surface of a solid by the absorption of a sufficient amount of photons.

A spectroscopic technique used in the detection of free radicals by virtue of their electronic spectra. In this method, an...

Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...

A type of microscope that uses magnetic lenses to transmit a beam of electrons through an object; the electrons are then...

Functional materials refer to materials that possess specific properties or functionalities that make them suitable for...

A frame taken with a CCD camera over an exposure length of zero seconds with the lens cap on or the shutter closed and no...

A factor, F, indicating the increase in shot noise in an avalanche photodiode as compared with the ideal multiplier, which...

Cathode radiant sensitivity refers to the ability of a photocathode to convert incident radiant energy, typically in the...

The electron beam tube of a television camera that converts an optical image into a pattern of electrostatic charges and...

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

The radiation-free transition that takes place within an ion, in which inner-shell vacancies in neutral atoms are filled by...

A fluorescent screen refers to a phosphorescent or fluorescent-coated surface that emits visible light when exposed to other...

A 2D profile sensor is a type of sensor used in various industrial and technological applications to measure and capture...

The number of electrons emitted per photon incident upon a photodetector.

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a compact and integrated device that incorporates multiple photonic components and...

Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...

A device for converting sunlight into electrical energy, consisting of a sandwich of P-type and N-type semiconducting...