Laser annealing is a process that involves using a laser beam to heat and modify the microstructure of a material, typically a thin film or surface layer, with the objective of improving its properties. The term "annealing" refers to the heat...

A band of light that appears along the outer edge of a transparent material under microscopic investigation and that moves...

A radiation detector with its active medium mounted within a lens that focuses the radiation signal. The improvement in...

A small convergent lens, located between the objective and eyepiece of a microscope, that focuses an image of the upper...

An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera is an advanced imaging device that combines the capabilities of both an...

In a camera, the focusing of an image on the screen located at the camera's film plane. Once the image is in complete focus,...

An angle formed by the lines of sight of both eyes when focusing on an object. Also, the rate at which a ray approaches the...

In an astigmatic grating, the image of the entrance slit located at the primary focus.

A method of projecting integrated circuit patterns on a silicon wafer using x-ray wavelengths focused through a special mask.

A light-tight box that receives light from an object or scene and focuses it to form an image on a light-sensitive material...

A method of focusing an optical system by moving the front component (the lens closest to the subject) to change the...

A small defocused Galilean telescope mounted in a hole in a door. Viewed from inside through the positive lens, a wide-angle...

An optical medical instrument that uses an intense, precisely focused beam of light to stop weakened blood vessels from...

A zone plate produced by a computer and having a binary structure that can be etched into a chromium or quartz layer. It...

A phase reflection scanner that eliminates the need for a complex translation device while maintaining a high-energy-density...

A method of measuring distance by recording a single scene from two points of perspective. Surveying instruments can be...

A vision defect commonly referred to as farsightedness. Results when the image of a distant object is focused beyond the...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

A lens is a transparent optical device that focuses or diverges light, allowing it to pass through and form an image. Lenses...

A sequential scanning device, utilizing a revolving lens, in which the cathode-ray tube image is transformed into a circle...

Phenomenon caused by an ultrashort and ultra-intense light pulse propagating in a Kerr medium, such as air or water. When...

Laser-mediated gene transfer refers to a technique in molecular biology and genetic engineering that utilizes lasers to...

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyes and visual system....

Nd:YAG laser refers to a solid-state laser that utilizes neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12) as the gain...

An image intensifier that uses electrostatics to amplify and focus the electronic image.

A tiny lens (as small as 100 µm in diameter) used to focus light on charge-coupled devices, formed by heating a...

Infrared optics refer to optical components and systems designed to manipulate and control infrared (IR) light, which lies...

A lens that is symmetrical and designed to work between 1:1 and about 4:1. It covers a field of about ±20° at f/8...

A microscope equipped with a polarizer, an analyzer and a Bertrand lens to focus on the upper focal plane of the objective....

Aplanatic points refer to specific points in an optical system where certain aberrations, such as spherical aberration or...

A camera designed to record at rates exceeding 50 fps. For frame rates up to about 500 fps, an ordinary pull-down mechanism...

A retroreflector that can focus a beam of light, with one planar reflective surface, one spherical and a third that is...

Seidel aberrations refer to a set of monochromatic aberrations in optical systems, named after the German mathematician and...

The method by which photographic film is scanned by an electron beam. One technique uses the uniform light of a television...

A camera tube similar in design to the iconoscope. However, the image formed in the image iconoscope is projected on a...

An infrared light source is a device that emits light in the infrared spectrum, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of...

Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...

A photon sieve is an optical device used in the field of optics and imaging. It's designed to focus and shape light,...

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...

A system composed of a prism spectroscope and compound microscope to provide the visual comparison of two spectra...

An arranged series of coils, magnets or electromagnets disposed in such a way that the resulting magnetic fields generate a...

A lens with internally adjustable elements to produce a range of focal lengths. Unlike a true zoom lens, a multifocal lens...

In a camera, the movement of one or more lenses behind the front lens, rather than of the front lens itself, to bring the...

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and...

Phase matching is a crucial concept in the field of optics, particularly in nonlinear optics and the generation of coherent...

The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens's optical center (or principal point) and the image sensor or...

A fixed-focus camera designed to record the ink impression of fingerprints that have been impressed on a card or form for...

An electron tube that is used as a camera tube for a television system. When the picture to be transmitted is focused on a...

An established point on which the observer's eye is focused.

A type of internal focusing in which only the lens elements closest to the rear of the lens barrel are moved.

A laser pumped by solar radiation focused by mirrors.

Topological photonics is a branch of physics and optics that explores the application of topological concepts to the...

Light diffusion refers to the process by which light is scattered or spread out in various directions as it interacts with a...

A type of stereoscopic photography in which a pair of lenses focuses a pair of images, relative to the positions of the two...

Multi-axis alignment refers to the process of aligning or adjusting components or systems in multiple spatial dimensions or...

A scale on an optical instrument that indicates the condition of focus. May indicate the distance to the object or diopter...

A plasma accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that uses electric fields and magnetic fields to accelerate charged...

A lens aberration that causes axial light rays having different wavelengths to focus at various points along the axis.

An apochromat, often referred to as an apochromatic lens or apochromatic objective, is a type of optical system designed to...

The circle that contains the slit, grating and primary astigmatic focus of a concave diffraction grating.

A technique based on the principles of laser trapping and used to manipulate the position of small particles by gradually...

Beam profiling is a technique used to characterize and analyze the spatial intensity distribution of a laser beam. It...

A two-lens arrangement intended to image light into a microscope slide sample. The primary aberrations present are red and...

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...

The two points on the principal axis of a mirror or lens so positioned that light emitted from either point will be focused...

There are three types of telecentric lenses: -Image-space telecentric lenses are those in which the aperture stop is...

A convex lens that brings an incident bundle of rays to a focus to produce intense heat at the focus.

A simple electrostatic lens with a focus controlled by a single potential difference.

An Abbe condenser in which the upper lens element is fixed. The lower lens may focus the illumination between the elements...

Laser optics refers to a broad category of optical components and systems designed for manipulating and controlling laser...

One of the electrodes used to focus the electron beam of a cathode-ray tube. As the electrode's voltage is changed, its...

A scale located on the eyepiece focusing screw and used to measure the amount of defocusing of the eyepiece in diopters. The...

Laser peening is a surface enhancement technique used to improve the mechanical properties of materials, particularly...

The image of a point source that appears as a circle of finite diameter because of defocusing or the aberrations inherent in...

An image converter that produces a visible image based on the infrared emittance of the object. The infrared energy is...

The metal tube that maintains the optical components of a lens in proper relationship. Some lenses are mounted in metal...

A single-particle scattering technique in which an incident laser beam is tightly focused by means of lenses to yield a...

The instrument used to collect thermal radiation information on an object by scanning. It consists basically of a detector,...

Also known as single plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), this process was designed for imaging of sensitive samples and...

A nonmagnetic instrument utilizing an electrofocus and deflection tube with a photocathode for imaging purposes. The optical...

A spectrograph in which the refracted beam returns almost along the path traveled by the incident beam, and is brought to a...

A mass spectrometer utilizing both radial electrostatic and magnetic field analyzers to improve the focusing and increase...

Directing an optical beam in varying directions by varying reflection, refraction, focusing and diffraction methods.

A technique that uses a solid-state laser and a detector to determine an object's relative distance to the system. The laser...

A linear or two-dimensional matrix of individual detector elements, typically used at the focus of an imaging system.

The normal condition of vision where an object at infinity is in sharp focus with the eye lens in a neutral or relaxed state.

A variable focal length lens system that retains the object in focus as one or more lenses move as a unit along its optical...

Laser texturing is a manufacturing process that involves using a laser beam to selectively modify the surface of a material,...

A device using the Kerr effect to read back the signals from mechanically recorded tapes and discs. It consists of a light...

A digital camera is a device that captures and records still images or video in digital format. Unlike traditional film...

Also known as cathode-ray tube grid or shield. A cylindrically shaped electrode that, containing the cathode of a...

A diverging lens is a type of lens that causes parallel rays of light to spread out or diverge. It is thinner in the center...

Also known as an anticathode. An electrode or electrode section that is focused upon by an electron beam and that emits...

A machine vision lens is a specialized optical lens designed for use in machine vision systems, which are used for automated...

An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...

A type of photoelectric proximity mode sensing incorporating a lens system to focus the light from the emitter in a small,...

In gradient index optics, a gradient profile in which the index varies in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis....

A reflecting grating ruled on a concave spherical surface that not only disperses the light but focuses the spectrum. The...

A small incandescent lamp whose intense beam is focused on the optical soundtrack of a motion picture film. The soundtrack...

Optical glass refers to a type of glass specifically engineered and manufactured for use in optical components and systems,...

Spectroscopy is a technique used in the study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves...

A cylindrical lens is an optical component that has different curvatures along its two orthogonal axes, resulting in a shape...

A camera tube widely used in television broadcasting. It consists of three sections within a single vacuum envelope. 1. A...

1. With respect to angular subtense, a source of light, such as a star, that is very small. In a lab, a point source may be...

A CCD image sensor that uses a proximity-focused image intensifier to provide greater sensitivity at low light levels.

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful imaging instrument used in scientific research, materials...

A semispherical or conical lens created directly on the core of an optical fiber to focus light from a laser into the fiber...

That object distance at which a camera must be focused so that the far depth of field just extends to infinity. The near...

A laser diode module is a compact device that incorporates a laser diode, optics, and often other components into a single...

A terahertz spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of materials in the terahertz...

An image intensifier, also known as an image intensification tube or image intensification device, is a specialized...

A wave in which energy is focused near a boundary separating materials having different properties. Propagation of the wave...

A rangefinder on a camera that is integrated with the focusing mechanism so that when an object's range is determined, the...

A telescope that uses a reflecting objective to focus an image of a distant object at a focal point.

The loss of focus of a camera sensor because of excessive brightness, characterized by the enlargement of spot size and...

Technique that defocuses activity from surrounding planes by means of the relative motions at the point of interest.

An image intensifier tube that uses a magnetic field for focusing. It yields high-quality images, but its use is limited by...

Plasmonics is a field of science and technology that focuses on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and free...

Filoviruses are a family of viruses that are responsible for severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and...

The component of a microscope on which the sample or slide to be examined is placed. Depending on the design of the...

The use of an applied electrical field to focus a cathode-ray tube's electron beam.

An electron-beam lithography (EBL) system is a sophisticated nanofabrication tool used in the semiconductor industry and...

An optical assembly refers to a collection of optical components that are carefully arranged and aligned to perform a...

A lens assembly containing several movable elements to permit changing of the effective focal length (EFL). Unlike a zoom...

The circle of confusion is a defocused or aberrated image of a point. Focus is generally set where the diameter of this...

A beam shaper is an optical device or system designed to modify the spatial profile or intensity distribution of a laser or...

Optofluidics is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from optics and fluidics to create devices and systems...

An electron tube that employs electromagnetic radiation to produce a visual replica of an image produced on its cathode....

That point in the electromagnetic spectrum at which an optical system focuses the most chemically effective rays.

A wide-angle lens is a type of camera lens that has a shorter focal length than a standard or normal lens, allowing it to...

A vision defect commonly referred to as nearsightedness. The defective condition results when the image of a distant object...

Astronomical detector consisting of a photocathode isolated from the target by a coin value from which electrons are focused...

A system that determines whether an image is in or out of focus by means of a source of illumination at the conjugate focal...

A laser crystal, also known as an active medium or gain medium, is a solid-state material used in the construction of...

The restricting aperture located at the front of the lens. It is usually defined as the maximum diameter of the entrance...

A device consisting of a disc with a spiral arrangement of holes that is used to convert visible patterns into electrical...

One eyepiece of a set having equal distances from their mounting interface to their image plane, permitting freedom to...

A device that uses four electrodes set in an alternating positive-negative polarity series to focus the beams of charged...

Also known as reversed telephoto lens. A lens consisting of an ordinary objective with a negative component near its front...

In a symmetrical optical system this is a measure of the influence of the system upon the focus of a pencil of rays passing...

A type of additive color photography using a lenticular structure impressed on a film base and a camera lens with a filter...

A means of adjusting the sharpness of an image automatically, with a sensor for estimating distance or contrast and a drive...

A phenomenon that causes the details in an image to appear at a spatial frequency higher than that at which the contrast...

A forerunner of the modern camera, this instrument had a focusable lens that produced a sharp image on the enclosure...

The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is an optical device used for measuring the wavefront aberrations of an optical system....

An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...

A type of internal photonic connection in an integrated circuit in which a holographic grating is used to focus light at...

The distance, on either side of the object plane focused on, through which satisfactory image definition can be obtained....

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics and biomedical research to obtain...

A still or motion-picture camera designed to photograph through a microscope. Photomicrographic equipment usually contains a...

A special evacuated camera equipped with means for holding a specimen and bombarding it with a sharply focused beam of...

The focusing of an electron beam by a magnetic field that permanently retains the majority of its magnetic properties.

The object distance at which the eye is focused with the eye lens in a neutral or relaxed state.

A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...

A technique for confining atoms, molecules or small particles within one or more laser beams. This can be accomplished...

A magnetic-deflection mass spectrometer that has an electrostatic field placed perpendicularly to its magnetic field,...

An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) refers to a specific range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum....

The term light field refers to the spatial distribution of light rays traveling in all directions through a given space. It...

1. The focal point. 2. To adjust the eyepiece or objective of a telescope so that the image is clearly seen by the observer....

An artificial material, engineered to have a negative refractive index value, such that light or any other form of...

An aberration that remains after primary color is corrected. Primary color causes the back focus of a lens to vary with...

The progressive defocusing of a cathode-ray tube display image that occurs when the deflected electron beam impinges on the...

A dielectric sphere with an index of refraction that varies with distance from the sphere center. A parallel beam of rays is...

Describes devices that are not provided with a means of focusing.

A close-up lens, semicircular in shape, that is mounted in front of a conventional lens focused at infinity. The result is...

An LED, or light emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. LEDs...

Laser surgery refers to a medical procedure in which a laser, or focused beam of light, is used as a precision tool to cut,...

Breakdown of a gas produced by the attenuation of an intense pulse of focused laser light.

Chromatic aberration is an optical phenomenon that occurs when different wavelengths (colors) of light are refracted by a...

An image intensifier that consists of an evacuated tube with a large input phosphor screen at one end. The phosphor screen...

Concave and convex spherical mirrors are types of curved mirrors that have surfaces shaped like segments of spheres. These...

Concave is an adjective used to describe a surface or shape that curves inward or has a hollow or recessed appearance. In...

This results from the simultaneous absorption of two photons, each having half the energy needed for excitation and...

Histology is the branch of biology and medicine that involves the study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs...

A transmission or reflecting grating with a flat or plane surface requiring a lens or concave mirror to focus the spectrum.

A smooth, highly polished surface, for reflecting light, that may be plane or curved if wanting to focus and or magnify the...

Light that is directed or focused by means of curved reflective surfaces.

Also known as a shadow mask, a perforated plate placed between the focusing and accelerating electrodes, and the tricolor...

An aspheric mirror is an optical mirror surface that deviates from the shape of a perfect sphere, having a non-spherical...

A planar photocathode and a planar phosphor screen mounted in a close-spaced parallel configuration in an evacuated...

The eye's involuntary reaction in the process of accommodation. This reflex is most dramatic in response to looking at a...

A zone plate in which the zones are alternately transparent and opaque to specific radiation, and coarse enough so that no...

A concave mirror that has the form of a paraboloid of revolution. The paraboloidal mirror may have only a portion of a...

Meta-optics, also known as metasurface optics or flat optics, is a branch of optics that involves the design, fabrication,...

A photon jet is a narrow, highly collimated beam of light that is formed when light interacts with small dielectric...

An instrument in which visible light beyond the critical angle from a metallurgical microscope is focused on a reference...

Wide-field, low-magnification device that consists of two compound microscopes focused on a single object, producing an...

Wavelengths between 400 and 1400 nm (VIS to NIR) are focused onto the retina by the cornea. Because the retina is sensitive...

A device having a pair of decentered lenses, one for each eye, that focuses on a single object as a magnifier. It is often...

A coil used to focus an electron beam by the generation of a magnetic field parallel to the beam.

The closest distance to which the eye can focus on an object, normally taken to be 250 mm. The near point varies with age.

Piezoelectric motion systems are mechanical systems that utilize piezoelectric materials to generate controlled motion or...

A simple form of astronomical telescope that uses a fixed objective and a focusable eyepiece. The objective forms an...

A dark-field microscope used to view extremely small objects. These objects are suspended in a gas or liquid in an enclosure...

Also known as convergent lens or convex lens. A lens that converges an incident bundle of rays to a focus.

A meniscus that is often fitted before a camera lens to permit focusing on near objects.

An ophthalmic instrument used to measure the magnitude and direction of the maximum and minimum powers of a spectacle lens,...

Nanophotonics is a branch of science and technology that explores the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, typically at...

Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) refers to a type of image sensor technology specifically designed...

Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...

An autocollimator is an optical instrument used for measuring small angular deviations with high precision. It operates on...

Directed energy refers to a type of energy that is emitted and transferred in a controlled direction. The term is often...

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a technique used in additive manufacturing, specifically in the field of 3D printing. It...

The physical adaption of the eye lens, by means of ciliary muscle contraction, in order to maintain a clear, in focus image...

An aspheric lens is a type of lens whose surface profiles deviate from the traditional spherical shape. Unlike spherical...

A metalens, short for "metasurface lens," is a type of optical lens that uses nanostructured materials to manipulate light...

A handheld navigational instrument used to measure the elevation angle of celestial bodies such as the sun. An image of the...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

Derived from "self-focusing,'' Nippon Sheet Glass Co. (NSG) of Japan's trade name for graded-index fiber rods with parabolic...

1. The process of following an object's movement; accomplished by focusing a radar beam on the reticle of an optical system...

An astronomical mirror, also known as a telescope mirror or primary mirror, is a key component of a reflecting telescope. It...

A GRIN (gradient index) lens is a type of optical lens that utilizes a gradient in refractive index across its volume rather...

A spheric lens, also known as a spherical lens, is a type of optical lens with at least one surface that is part of a...

The smallest linear diameter to which a laser or other beam of radiant energy is capable of being focused, depending on the...

Also known as clear glass or clear filter. The clear glass plate is used to simulate a filter, in converging or diverging...

A lens that focuses on a flat plane because its field of curvature is close to zero.

When a block of glass (prism, window, filter, etc.) is placed into a converging light bundle, it increases the physical...

The term perovskite refers to a specific crystal structure commonly found in various materials. Perovskite structures have a...

An achromat, in the context of optics, refers to a type of lens or lens system designed to reduce chromatic aberration....

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is an advanced imaging technique that provides information about the lifetime of...

The use of a tightly focused beam of electrons to drill minute holes in substances. The drilling is accomplished by the...

A solid-state laser is a type of laser that uses a solid gain medium (as opposed to a liquid or gas) to produce coherent...

End-fire coupling refers to a method of coupling energy into or out of a waveguide, transmission line, or antenna, where the...

A device used in solar systems to direct mirror-reflected sunlight to a heat absorber and heat-driven engine, which turns a...

A blur circle refers to the out-of-focus region in an image captured by an optical system. When an object in a scene is not...

An image intensifier tube in which the photocathode and the output of the microchannel plate are proximity-focused on the...

Focus derived from paraxial data.

The range of image distances that corresponds to the range of object distances covered by the depth of field.

An extremely wide emission spectrum generated by the nonlinear effects created when a high peak power from a short-pulse...

The value of the distance of distinct vision, minimum focusing distance or near point, divided by the focal length of the...

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to obtain high-resolution,...

Minimum object distance, often abbreviated as MOD, refers to the closest distance at which a camera lens or optical system...

A type of radial gradient lens that can focus light even though its surfaces are flat.

The internal lens of the eye. It is semielastic to permit changes in its power when focusing on objects at near distances.

A microlens array is a grid-like structure composed of numerous small lenses, typically arranged in a regular pattern. Each...

The movement of the eye as it focuses on details of a scene. Some imaging systems mimic this movement by small, rapid...

A vacuum tube in which a magnetic field is superimposed onto the tube's electrical field. When the two fields are aligned,...

An incandescent or carbon arc lamp designed with a stable and compact arc or filament that permits it to be used as a light...

1. A mechanism that permits the focusing of an optical system.2. A means of obtaining the sharpest image from a cathode-ray...

A solar spectrograph that uses long focus concave mirrors as its collimator and camera element.

Best point of focus for an image in a beam of light at the smallest cross section of the beam.

An optical tooling instrument consisting of an objective lens, a focusing lens, an optical micrometer, a reticle and an...

A high-quality focuser that uses rollers rather than gears and offers smooth, precise motion while reducing or eliminating...

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of...

A photon-counting instrument for use in both space-borne and ground-based photometric and spectroscopic instrumentation....

The restricting opening at the rear of a lens or prism that is commonly defined as the maximum diameter of the emergent cone...

Laboratory experiments that focus on demonstrating new capabilities of a certain technology or device, usually without...

A test for spherical aberration, coma or astigmatism in which incident rays from a point source are isolated by small holes...

Also known as radiation thermometer. A pyrometer in which the radiant intensity from the source to be measured is used to...

The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...

Off-axis paraboloid and ellipsoid mirrors are specialized optical components used in various optical systems, particularly...

Charged frozen pellets that are rapidly bombarded with a focused high-power laser to form a dense plasma that can be heated...

Medical lasers are devices that produce intense beams of light with specific characteristics and properties, which are used...

A rotating disc that holds several lenses of differing focal length about a diameter. Used to switch lenses in a system...

A device used in electron microscopes and particle accelerators to focus electron beams by the arrangement of four...

An astronomical telescope is a type of optical instrument designed to gather and magnify light from distant celestial...

A type of laser welding of thin materials using a defocused or low-power carbon dioxide laser beam. The energy is absorbed...

A technique for determining the nonlinear optical properties of a sample material by moving the sample through a focused...

Spherical aberration is an optical aberration that occurs when light rays passing through a lens or curved optical surface...

A telescope lens is a primary optical component of a telescope system that gathers and focuses light to form an image. It is...

Light from a pulsed laser focused into nonsaturable absorbing fluid that generates a strongly backscattered light beam with...

An aplanatic surface is an optical surface that is specifically designed or shaped to minimize spherical aberration and...

(TOF) The length of time needed for a signal to arrive at and be reflected from the target. The basis of an active...

A lens that exhibits spherical aberration when used at large aperture settings, and that forms an image with a slightly...

Lensless microscopy, also known as computational or holographic microscopy, is an imaging technique that captures and...

Optoelectronics is a branch of electronics that focuses on the study and application of devices and systems that use light...

A filter that creates spherical aberration resulting in an image with a soft outline.

In a microscope, the optical assembly that focuses light on the specimen and into the objective.

In the region of a Gaussian beam focus by a diffraction-limited lens, it is the axial distance from the point of minimum...

An instrument that serves to produce an enlarged electron image on a fluorescent screen by focusing an infrared image of a...

A fiber-coupled LED (light-emitting diode) refers to an LED device that is optically coupled to an optical fiber for the...

1. In the eye, the opening in the iris that permits light to pass and be focused on the retina. 2. In a lens, the image of...

A means of high resolution study through the application of soft and hard x-rays onto a sample surface in order to obtain...

A confocal resonator, also known as a confocal cavity or confocal laser resonator, is a type of optical resonator...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging...

An edge-emitting light-emitting diode is a type of LED structure where light emission occurs primarily along the edge of the...

The term gradient-index profile refers to a specific type of refractive index distribution within an optical material. In...

A scanning probe microscope that analyzes the surface of a specimen by recording the intensity of light as it is focused...

The laser output refers to the generated and emitted light produced by a laser system. This output is characterized by...

Also called proximity focus image intensifier. A compact image intensifier that utilizes a microchannel plate...

Micro-optics refers to the design, fabrication, and application of optical components and systems at a microscale level....

Topology is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the properties of space that are preserved under continuous...

An instrument that produces an intense, tightly focused beam of ions to stimulate emissions from a minute section of a...

Also known as gas focusing. The introduction of an inert gas into a cathode-ray tube for the concentration of the electron...

A system that uses a continuous-wave laser to measure the velocity of an object by focusing the laser beam on the object,...

An analytical technique used to determine the nature of extremely small samples by forming the x-ray spectrum of the samples...