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dual Dictionary Terms

object
The figure seen through or imaged by an optical system. It may contain structures, natural or artificial, or it may be the...
optical tweezers
Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...
Snellen letter
The letter form used on visual performance test charts. The overall letter height is equal to five times the thickness of...
diamond turning
Diamond turning, also known as diamond machining or diamond cutting, is a precision machining process used to produce...
dual-window cable
 dual-wavelength spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry in which radiation of two separate wavelengths, usually one in an absorption band and the other not, pass...
detector array
A detector array refers to a collection of individual detector elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid or matrix format....
binocular vision
The ability of the two eyes to see an object from two slightly different points of view. This difference allows an...
microlens array
A microlens array is a grid-like structure composed of numerous small lenses, typically arranged in a regular pattern. Each...
posterization
In image processing, the effect caused by large jumps between gray levels, rather than a gradual change.
button blocking
The production of a block by attaching the optical elements to a plate by means of individual buttons of pitch or other...
nanoparticle
A small object that behaves as a whole unit or entity in terms of it's transport and it's properties, as opposed to an...
optical assembly
An optical assembly refers to a collection of optical components that are carefully arranged and aligned to perform a...
Dobson spectrophotometer
A spectrophotometer that measures the amount of ozone in the atmosphere through a comparison of solar energy at two...
clear aperture
The limited light-gathering area of an optical system. The area is normally restricted to an edge or outer surface of an...
time-lapse camera
A cine camera that exposes a series of individual frames to record the changes in a subject that slowly alters with time....
virtual reality
Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment or experience that can be...
trial sets (ophthalmic)
Sets of lenses (positive, negative and cylindrical) usually mounted in circular rims suitable for slipping into trial...
double-Gauss lens
A fast, wide-angle lens used in television and photographic cameras, with excellent overall correction, but subject to...
STED microscopy
STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...
degradation
The gradual decrease over time in output signal with constant input light level.
flow cytometry
Flow cytometry is a powerful technique used in biology and medicine for the quantitative analysis of the physical and...
coherent fiber bundle
A coherent fiber bundle (CFB), also known as a coherent fiber optic bundle, is an assembly of multiple optical fibers...
optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter...
streak camera
A high-speed cine camera used to record, on a continuously moving film, very brief events such as a flash of light. The...
poling
The process of aligning the crystallites in a piezoelectric material by placing a large DC field across the element at an...
field ion microscope
An extremely powerful microscope that renders individual ionized atoms visible by using an electric field to propel the ions...
spatial light modulator
A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...
zonal aberration
Spherical or chromatic aberration in a lens having a wide aperture. It is present because the refracting power varies for...
design and engineering consulting services
Design and engineering consulting services refer to professional services provided by specialized firms or individuals to...
biomarker
A biomarker, short for biological marker, refers to a measurable and quantifiable indicator of a biological condition,...
optoacoustic
Optoacoustic, or photoacoustic, refers to a phenomenon and related techniques that involve the generation of acoustic waves...
tip-enhanced Raman scattering
Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
electron multiplication charge-coupled device camera
An EMCCD (electron-multiplying charge-coupled device) camera is a type of scientific camera specifically designed for...
stress-applying part
In polarization-preserving optical fibers, the element used to induce birefringence. The SAP is highly doped to provide a...
residual blue
The optical phenomenon in which white light dispersed by small particles in suspension appears blue when viewed through a...
3D printing
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a manufacturing process that builds three-dimensional objects...
electromagnetic wave
Wave of radiation identified by individual fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields.
photobleaching
Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...
linear image sensor
A linear image sensor is a type of solid-state electronic device used to capture and convert light into electrical signals....
dual attachment station
In a dual-ring local area network, a node that is connected both to the primary, active ring and also to a secondary ring...
quantum
The term quantum refers to the fundamental unit or discrete amount of a physical quantity involved in interactions at the...
pathogen
A pathogen is a biological agent, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite, that causes disease in its...
optical design software
Optical design software refers to specialized computer programs used by optical engineers, physicists, and designers to...
in vivo
In vivo is a Latin term that translates to "within the living." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and...
ophthalmology
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyes and visual system....
resonance
Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...
fiber distributed data interface
A standard for fiber optic data transmission systems being developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and...
dual inline package
A package for electronic components that is suited for automated assembly into printed circuit boards. The DIP is...
incoherent bundle
A bundle of filaments of optical glass or other transparent materials that transmit only light, not optical images. The...
time-correlated single photon counting
Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a technique used in photon counting applications, particularly in the...
focal plane array
A linear or two-dimensional matrix of individual detector elements, typically used at the focus of an imaging system.
vignetting
In an optical system, the gradual reduction of image illuminance as the off-axis angle increases, resulting from limitations...
angular spectrum approach
The angular spectrum approach is a mathematical and computational technique used in the field of optics to analyze and...
Fresnel lens
A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...
laser damage threshold
The laser damage threshold refers to the maximum level of laser intensity that a material can withstand without experiencing...
micro-LED
Micro-LED (micro-light-emitting diode) refers to a technology that involves the use of very small light-emitting diodes to...
diffraction-limited lens
A lens with aberrations corrected to the point that residual wavefront errors are substantially less than one-quarter the...
residual absorption and scattering
Loss mechanisms that degrade the performance of all thin-film optical devices by removing radiant flux out of the specular...
crystallized glass
Glass of special composition that is melted, formed into desired shapes, and subjected to a high-temperature treatment in...
organic light-emitting diode
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) technology that utilizes organic compounds to...
phototheranostics
Phototheranostics, a portmanteau of "photo" (light), "therapy," and "diagnostics," refers to an emerging field that combines...
light quantum
The individual coherent series of lightwaves that defines a quantum of radiant energy. Light quantum is equal to hv, h being...
flux growth
A method of synthesis for crystals such as KTP. The process involves the use of a high-temperature solution called flux to...
infrared detector
An infrared detector is a device that is used to detect and measure infrared radiation, which lies beyond the visible...
single molecule localization microscopy
Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...
reflection grating
A reflection grating is an optical component that consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel reflecting surfaces or...
liquid crystal on silicon
Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...
entrance slit
The entrance slit, also known simply as the slit, is an essential component in optical instruments such as spectrometers and...
fiber optic taper
A coherent fiber optic bundle made from fibers whose diameter changes gradually along its length. Used to magnify or reduce...
point processing
In digital image processing, a subcategory of frame processing that transforms pixel brightness and contrast through use of...
blaze
1. A plane that forms one side of the groove ruled on a diffraction grating. 2. To form the individual grooves of a grating...
laser tweezers
A technique based on the principles of laser trapping and used to manipulate the position of small particles by gradually...
attenuation
Attenuation refers to the gradual loss or reduction of intensity, force, or magnitude of a particular property as it...
diopter movement
The adjustment of the eyepiece of an instrument to provide accommodation for the eyesight differences of individual...
solid-state imaging system
An imaging system that uses a mosaic of tiny light-sensitive semiconductors (phototransistors) to produce individual outputs...
optical channel monitor
An optical channel monitor (OCM) is a device used in optical communication systems to monitor and analyze the performance of...
drift
A gradual change in the output of a circuit or instrument over time.
filovirus
Filoviruses are a family of viruses that are responsible for severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and...
de Broglie wavelength
The concept of the de Broglie wavelength exploits the wave-particle duality of quantum physics by associating all matter (of...
low Earth orbit
Low Earth orbit (LEO) refers to a region in space that is relatively close to Earth's surface, typically characterized by...
dual laser
A gas laser equipped with Brewster windows and concave mirrors (having unlike reflective properties) at each end of the tube...
Golgi Staining Technique
The Golgi staining technique (also called the black reaction) makes it possible to look at the nervous system by rendering...
superresolution
Superresolution refers to the enhancement or improvement of the spatial resolution beyond the conventional limits imposed by...
GRIN lens
A GRIN (gradient index) lens is a type of optical lens that utilizes a gradient in refractive index across its volume rather...
horizontal resolution
In television, the number of individual pixels that can be distinguished in a horizontal scanning line; also called...
chip-on-board lights
Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...
optical character recognition
Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that is used to convert printed or handwritten text into...
simultaneous dual field of view
A passive infrared system that uses two line-of-sight telescopes to generate both narrow and wide field-of-view images of...
superreflector
A reflector having a surface that has been superpolished to reduce residual sleeks and scratches and microroughness so that...
hysteresis
This term literally means "to lag behind.'' It is quite often used to describe the residual effect that remains after...
lens barrel
The mechanical structure that holds a number of individual lens elements.
quantum confinement
Quantum confinement refers to the phenomenon in quantum mechanics where the motion of charge carriers, such as electrons or...
wafer
In the context of electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, a wafer refers to a thin, flat disk or substrate made of a...
light diffusion
Light diffusion refers to the process by which light is scattered or spread out in various directions as it interacts with a...
probe card
A probe card is a testing device used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry to evaluate and test the electrical...
line-scan camera
A line-scan camera, also known as a line-scan image sensor or linear array camera, is a type of digital camera designed to...
stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...
evaporation coating
Coating carried out in a sealed chamber evacuated by a mechanical pump in series with an oil diffusion pump to a pressure...
gas current
The positive ion current created in an electron tube as a result of the collisions between electrons and residual gas...
laser drift
Laser drift typically refers to a phenomenon where the frequency or wavelength of a laser source gradually changes over...
linear optics
Linear optics refers to the study and manipulation of light in a linear and deterministic manner, where the response of...
residual gas analysis
A measurement in optical thin-film coating processes whereby the gases remaining in the vacuum chamber after coating are...
modulated transmission ellipsometry
A method used to detect internal or residual microstresses in a material by using a laser beam to locate changes in...
multifiber joint
A fiber optic connector or splice that mates two multifiber cables, optically aligning all of the individual fibers...
diffuse-cutting filter
A color filter that is designed to gradually increase or decrease its absorption with wavelength.
friability
The resistance of individual grains of an abrasive to breaking down under pressure. If the grains break down under...
single attachment station
In a dual-ring local area network, a node that is connected only to the primary, active ring and not to the secondary ring...
achromatic prism
Cemented prisms of differing refractive indices which refract incident light and, due to differing refractive indices, will...
polariton
A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...
laser peening
Laser peening is a surface enhancement technique used to improve the mechanical properties of materials, particularly...
mirage
The distortion of an object's true image as the result of abnormal atmospheric disturbances along the path traveled by the...
single-molecule FRET
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...
triangulation
A method of measuring distance by recording a single scene from two points of perspective. Surveying instruments can be...
scanning tunneling microscope
A high-resolution imaging instrument that can detect and measure the positions of individual atoms on the surface of a...
field emission display
An X-Y electrically addressable series of arrays with individual electron emitters bombarding a phosphor-coated transparent...
breakout cable
A breakout cable, also known as a fan-out cable or breakout assembly, is a type of cable that combines multiple individual...
Bessel functions
Two formulas used in diffractometer analysis, the first giving the individual diffraction patterns of each aperture, the...
incoherent
In optics, the term denoting the lack of a fixed phase relationship between two waves. If two incoherent waves are...
destructive interference
The interaction of superimposed light from two separate sources that results in a combined intensity that is less than the...
glitter
The specular reflection of individual parts of a surface.
quantum dots
A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium...
wedge photometer
A photometer that uses a wedge, marked to show its reduction of flux density, to make two light sources equal in intensity...
biometrics
Biometrics refers to the automated recognition of individuals based on their physiological or behavioral characteristics....
Schmidt camera
A camera that consists of a concave spherical mirror with an aspheric plate situated at the center of curvature of the...
Bose-Einstein condensate
A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...
discrete
An individual circuit component, complete in itself, such as a resistor, diode, capacitor or transistor. It is used as an...
PN-junction luminescence
Discharge that results when a doped semiconductor crystal with a PN junction is charged with a low-voltage direct current....
single-photon avalanche diode
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a specialized type of photodetector designed to detect extremely weak optical...
double-clad fiber
Double-clad fiber (DCF) is a specialized optical fiber that features two concentric cladding layers surrounding a core. The...
quantum entanglement
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where two or more particles become correlated to such an extent...
speckle imaging
A technique for obtaining improved resolution of images produced by large telescopes and distorted by the effects of...
reflectance confocal microscopy
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging...
positioning
Positioning generally refers to the determination or identification of the location or placement of an object, person, or...
gradient-index profile
The term gradient-index profile refers to a specific type of refractive index distribution within an optical material. In...

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