A technique for measuring the concentration of any gases. Identical infrared beams are alternately chopped, one passing through a reference cell and the other passing through a cell with the gas being tested. The beams are then detected by a single...

Mathematical compensation for the nonhydrogenic behavior of recombination radiation levels of gases, based on the quantum...

Photovoltaic (PV) refers to a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors. The term...

Instrument that uses absorption spectroscopy to detect gases in planetary atmospheres. Dispersed incoming radiation is...

A vapor-phase oxidation process for fabricating graded-index optical fibers. It differs from outside vapor phase deposition...

A pollution-measuring device used to detect the presence of nitric oxide regardless of other gases present. It utilizes the...

The term "Rydberg atom" refers to an atom in a highly excited state where one or more of its electrons are in a Rydberg...

Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...

A mass spectrometer used to detect ions formed by photo- and charge-exchange ionization of gases, such as those in the lunar...

The method that, by measuring the absorption along an atmospheric path at wavelengths ranging from two to a continuum, can...

A vacuum chamber is a sealed enclosure from which air and other gases are removed to create a low-pressure environment,...

Flow chemistry, also known as continuous-flow chemistry, is a chemical manufacturing process where reactions take place in a...

Attosecond photonics sources refer to devices or systems that generate extremely short pulses of light on the order of...

The use of a reflective device, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials including gases, solids, dyes, aerosols,...

Sharp and narrow absorption lines found in the spectra of stars. They result from the absorption of a part of a star's...

A statistical analysis of facts obtained when the intensity of x-ray diffraction is calculated at different angles. In this...

FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to obtain an infrared spectrum of...

An instrument incorporating an infrared detector assembly, used to analyze carbon dioxide gases and in medical applications...

A fiber optic sensor is a device that uses optical fibers to detect and measure physical, chemical, biological, or...

Epitaxial equipment refers to a set of specialized tools and systems used in the process of epitaxy, which is the growth of...

An instrument used to detect radioactive materials: alpha particles or helium nuclei; beta particles or free electrons; and...

The study of highly ionized gases. Many phenomena not exhibited by uncharged gases are associated with plasma physics.

A specific gas-filled tube designed to illustrate the luminous effects of discharges through rarefied gases.

A gas laser having a mixture of gases that makes it useful in the lab. The mixture of gases flows through a pressure and...

A polariton is a quasiparticle resulting from the strong coupling between photons (light particles) and certain types of...

The occurrence of very large rotations in transparent materials at weak magnetic fields as predicted in the classical...

Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) is a technique used in the fabrication of optical fibers. It is a specialized form...

A method for obtaining the optical absorption spectra of solids, semisolids, liquids and gases. PAS is inherently...

A glow discharge lamp consisting of a cold cathode and a mixture of inert gases. The intensity of illumination varies with...

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms at temperatures close to absolute zero. It is named after...

Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...

A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...

A laser, usually employing helium-neon or other gases as the active medium, used for alignment in industrial applications.

That branch of science involved in the study and utilization of the motion, emissions and behaviors of currents of...

Brillouin scattering is a phenomenon in physics where an incident electromagnetic wave (usually light) interacts with...

A measurement in optical thin-film coating processes whereby the gases remaining in the vacuum chamber after coating are...

The induced birefringence in isotropic gases that results when the gases are placed in strong fields.

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

Reactive evaporation refers to a process in thin-film deposition where a material is deposited onto a substrate through...

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) equipment refers to a class of specialized apparatus used in the process of chemical vapor...

Ion-beam sputtering (IBS) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique used for depositing thin films onto substrates. It...

A laser cavity, also known as an optical cavity or resonator, is a fundamental component of a laser system. It is a confined...

The elimination of gases from the surfaces of a vacuum system by heating the surfaces when the pumping phase is occurring.

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

Carbonization is a process in which organic materials are heated in the absence of air, leading to the decomposition of the...

An instrument used to measure expansion of solids, liquids and gases.

The Kerr effect, named after the physicist John Kerr who first observed it in 1875, is a nonlinear optical phenomenon where...

Equipment used for chemical analysis by investigation of the spectra formed and observed in chemical activity. Of particular...

Mie scattering, named after the German physicist Gustav Mie, refers to the scattering of electromagnetic radiation (such as...

A helium-neon (HeNe) laser is a type of gas laser that emits visible red light at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. It operates...

A device used to measure the pressure of gases and vapors, without regard to atmospheric pressure.

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...

A discharge tube filled with various gases and used as a source in spectroscopy.

The exact mathematical description of the interactions of matter and intense electromagnetic fields, such as those that...

MWIR stands for mid-wave infrared, referring to a specific range of wavelengths within the infrared spectrum. Infrared...

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

A vacuum pump in which pressure is reduced by condensing gases on surfaces cryogenically cooled to about 20 K (liquid...

A range of wavelengths within which radiation transmitted through the atmosphere suffers relatively little absorption by...

A laser in which the transition involved in stimulated emission of radiation takes place between two levels of an ionized...