A quantum dot is a nanoscale semiconductor structure, typically composed of materials like cadmium selenide or indium arsenide, that exhibits unique quantum mechanical properties. These properties arise from the confinement of electrons within the...

Also known as gas focusing. The introduction of an inert gas into a cathode-ray tube for the concentration of the electron...

A molecule that has the ability to chemically combine with other molecules to form a polymer, hence being capable of being...

A phonon is a quantum of vibrational energy associated with the periodic motion of atoms or molecules in a crystalline...

Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is a powerful technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the enhanced spatial...

Rayleigh scattering is a phenomenon that occurs when light waves interact with particles or molecules that are much smaller...

A molecule that is the mirror image of another molecule. The two mirror-image molecules have the same chemical properties;...

In colorimetry, the phenomenon in which spectrally different radiations produce the same color sensation for a given...

Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. These monomers are chemically bonded...

A multiline laser system refers to a type of laser that is capable of emitting multiple discrete wavelengths or spectral...

Nanoparticle photonic resonator absorption microscopy is a microscopy technique that combines the principles of photonic...

Luminescence is the emission of light that occurs without the involved substance undergoing a significant increase in...

A method of growing single crystals in which atoms and molecules from gaseous organic compounds interact and form a layer on...

The number of molecules in one gram mole of a substance, numerically approximated by 6.02 x 1023.

An alphanumeric display formed by a layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two sheets of glass; a transparent...

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) technology that utilizes organic compounds to...

Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a specialized technique in biophysics and molecular...

Optical tweezers refer to a scientific instrument that uses the pressure of laser light to trap and manipulate microscopic...

Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in...

A spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the intensity of light at various wavelengths in the...

A small region within a single crystal where the molecules form a perfect lattice.

A near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the absorption, transmission, or reflection...

Cold atoms refer to atoms that have been cooled to extremely low temperatures, typically in the microkelvin (µK) to...

Hydrophobic is a term used to describe substances or materials that repel or do not readily interact with water. The word...

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that exhibits properties intermediate between those of conventional liquids and solid...

Twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) is a phenomenon observed in certain organic molecules containing...

Spectroscopy is a technique used in the study of interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves...

The perpendicular orientation of the molecular axes of the nematic molecules in a nematic crystal, relative to the electrode...

An instrument that uses electromagnetic fields to sort out the relative masses of atoms and molecules.The same way an...

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is an advanced imaging technique that provides information about the lifetime of...

Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...

An aptamer is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that can bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity...

The use of atoms, molecules and molecular-scale structures to enhance existing technology and develop new materials and...

The transport of molecules in a cell which requires the use of a cell's internal energy. The energy used in the cell may be...

The term "excimer," strictly used, refers to excited species made by combination of two identical moieties, atoms...

A method of depositing crystalline films one molecular layer at a time, by dipping the substrate into water containing a...

Epitaxial deposition is a process used in semiconductor manufacturing and materials science to grow a thin crystalline...

Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...

A technique for confining atoms, molecules or small particles within one or more laser beams. This can be accomplished...

The process by which a substance, usually a solid, attracts and retains on its surface the molecules of another substance.

A method of studying the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules (typically living tissue and chemical...

The spreading of potentially equal radiation frequencies that results in broadening of the spectral line. This effect is...

Resonance can be defined in various contexts, including physics, chemistry, and music. Here are definitions for resonance in...

An SI prefix meaning one billionth (10-9). Nano can also be used to indicate the study of atoms, molecules and other...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded RNA molecules, typically consisting of about 19 to 24 nucleotides,...

Chirality is a property of certain molecules and objects in which they are non-superimposable on their mirror images. In...

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive analytical technique that uses the near-infrared region of the...

Photobleaching is a phenomenon in which the fluorescence of a fluorophore (a fluorescent molecule or dye) is permanently...

A liquid crystal light valve (LCLV), also known as a spatial light modulator (SLM), is an optical device that modulates the...

Attosecond photonics sources refer to devices or systems that generate extremely short pulses of light on the order of...

A source that emits radiant energy when its molecules or atoms are thermally excited.

An emission spectrum is a graphical representation or a characteristic pattern of the wavelengths or frequencies of light...

A synchrotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses magnetic fields to steer charged particles, typically electrons or...

An absorption peak refers to a sharp increase or spike in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at a particular...

Phenomenon caused by an ultrashort and ultra-intense light pulse propagating in a Kerr medium, such as air or water. When...

Terahertz (THz) refers to a unit of frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, denoting waves with frequencies between 0.1...

A technique for improving the structure density of thin-film coatings by bombarding the growing film with accelerated ions...

A metabolite is any small molecule that is a product of metabolism, the chemical processes that occur within living...

(SALI) A type of spectroscopy in which neutral atoms or molecules are ionized by an excimer laser beam and then measured by...

The use of a krypton laser system for the measurement of small molecules aligned by an electric field, by analyzing the...

A device used to measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It utilizes the Lorentz force...

Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...

A type of spectroscopy used extensively in the analysis of biological samples. Because most biologically synthesized...

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that combines the principles of Raman spectroscopy...

A laser, which stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation," is a device that produces coherent and...

The term photochemical pertains to chemical processes or reactions that are initiated or influenced by the absorption of...

Molecules composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid or tube. Also called buckyballs....

Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...

Broadening of a laser's spectral linewidth when the resonance frequencies of the atoms (or molecules) of the medium are not...

A vacuum pump in which heated oil or another substance is forced through jets as a vapor that collides with gas molecules...

A colorless, crystalline compound whose low refractive index (n = 1.38) makes it effective as a lens antireflection coating...

An advanced technique that allows the detection of one molecule within a crystal or a cell through optical excitation....

A type of change in the energy levels of molecules in a laser that results in lasing action. Vibronic transitions are those...

STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...

A polarizer that consists of dichroic polarizing material embedded in a plastic sheet, and that transmits light that is...

Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe spectroscopy (APAP) is an advanced technique in ultrafast spectroscopy that allows...

Nonlinear optical materials are substances that exhibit optical properties that are not linearly proportional to the...

A process and method by which manipulation and orientation of a given number of directed laser beams decreases the motion of...

Laser active elements typically refers to the substances or materials within a laser system that play a critical role in the...

A spectrum that displays the distribution in mass or in mass-to-charge ratio of ionized atoms, molecules or molecular parts....

A quantum cascade laser (QCL) is a type of semiconductor laser that operates based on the principles of quantum mechanics....

A hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, meaning they have a strong affinity for...

High harmonic generation (HHG) refers to a nonlinear optical process in which intense laser light interacts with a gaseous...

A powerful method, referred to as FCS, for determining the average diffusion coefficients of fluorescent molecules in...

A gas laser in which the energy-state transitions between vibrational and rotational states of CO2 molecules give emission...

In the context of optical materials, the term "impurity level" refers to the presence of foreign atoms or molecules within...

Van der Waals forces refer to the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules (or parts of molecules) that arise from...

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the structural characteristics of chiral (asymmetric)...

The bending of x-rays by the regular layers of molecules in a crystal acting like a very small diffraction grating. The...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a laboratory technique used to detect and measure the presence of specific...

An atmospheric nonlinear process unique to CO2 laser wavelengths, whereby CO2 absorbs 10.6-µm radiation and the CO2...

Process of synthesizing long molecular chain materials (polymers) by reaction of many small molecules (usually thousands)...

A spatial light modulator (SLM) is an optical device that modulates or manipulates the amplitude, phase, or polarization of...

A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...

A molecular motor refers to a nano-sized device composed of organic molecules or other small-scale components that can...

Fluorescence microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique used in biology, chemistry, and materials science to...

Label-free refers to a technique or method that does not require the use of additional labels, tags, or markers to detect or...

A method of predicting the nonlinear optical effects exhibited by different molecules without synthesizing the molecules...

An angstrom, symbolized by the Ångström or Å, is a unit of length used to express atomic and molecular...

Hydrophilic is a term used to describe substances or materials that have an affinity for water. The word hydrophilic comes...

The Weissenberg method, named after the German physicist Karl Weissenberg, is a technique used in x-ray crystallography for...

The emission of radiant energy in which the energy emitted originates in the thermal motion of the atoms or molecules of the...

One of the types of change in the energy levels of molecules or atoms in a laser that can result in lasing action. Because...

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a mechanism describing the transfer of energy between two closely spaced...

Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...

A spectrum band that is usually found in the visible or the ultraviolet because of the electron transitions taking place...

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic technique that involves using a laser to excite molecules or atoms,...

A technique for measuring the energy spectrum of electrons emitted during the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. This...

A chemical detection technique used to measure molecules that have a magnetic dipole moment. The analysis is directed to...

Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...

An electron-gun system is an assembly used to generate and control a focused beam of electrons. Electron guns find...

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that enhances the Raman scattering signal of...

A form of liquid crystal with an appearance of moving, threadlike structures, particularly visible when observed in thick...

The state of a liquid crystal in which the molecules are arranged in layers with their long axes in the plane of each layer....

Fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time it takes for a fluorophore, a molecule that absorbs light at one wavelength...

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a widely used molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA...

Multispectral imaging is a technique that involves capturing and analyzing images at multiple discrete spectral bands within...

An antigen is any substance that is capable of triggering an immune response in an organism. Antigens are typically proteins...

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is a display technology that combines liquid crystal materials with silicon-based...

The selective absorption of electromagnetic waves by a liquid made up of molecules with permanent dipole movement.

A spectrum that originates from molecules and that is composed of bands which, in turn, consist of many closely spaced...

Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...

Raman spectroscopy is a technique used in analytical chemistry and physics to study vibrational, rotational, and other...

Phototoxicity refers to the harmful effects caused by exposure to light, particularly intense or ultraviolet (UV) light, on...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a type of laser that generates coherent, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by using a...

Hyperchromic shift refers to an increase in the absorption of light, leading to a higher absorbance, often observed in...

A technique developed to measure the molecular weight of macromolecules by analyzing the spontaneous fluctuations that occur...

Dichroism refers to the property of certain materials to exhibit different colors or absorbance of light depending on the...

A vibrational transition refers to a change in the vibrational energy of a molecule. Molecules consist of atoms that are...

A form of liquid crystal widely used in displays, achieved by sandwiching a liquid crystal material between two substrates...

The conduction of electricity in a gas as a result of the ions generated by collisions between electrons and gas molecules.

A contraction of "excited dimer." The term refers to an excited species made by combination of two identical atoms...

A type of adsorption in which the adsorbed layer is attached to the adsorbent surface by an attractive force between the...

A nonradiative transition refers to a process in which an electron or an atom undergoes a change in its energy state without...

A study of the energies and wavelengths of radiation emitted by atoms and molecules when particular physical conditions are...

An excimer laser is a type of ultraviolet laser that emits short pulses of light in the ultraviolet spectrum. The term...

A homogeneous solid solution with crystal lattice sites occupied, at random, by the molecules or ions of two or more...

The parallel orientation of the molecular axes of the nematic molecules in a nematic crystal, relative to the electrode...

In vitro is a Latin term that translates to "in glass." In scientific contexts, particularly in biology and medicine, it...

A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...

A sputtering target is a solid material used in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD), specifically sputtering....

A laser with a gain medium consisting of an organic dye, which is carbon-based. The dye is mixed with a solvent, allowing...

Also known as UV-VIS spectrometer, a device that measures the absorbance, reflectance or transmittance of light in the...

Abbreviated TEA CO2 laser. A gas laser that provides shorter pulses and higher peak powers than conventional CO2 lasers. The...

The bands found by Vegard in the spectrum of the aurora borealis and by Kaplan in the nitrogen afterglow. They are formed by...

The positive ion current created in an electron tube as a result of the collisions between electrons and residual gas...

Extremely small organic and inorganic systems of molecules within a substance. In general, systems are colloidal size in...

Spectrum analysis concerned with the spectra formed by transitions in molecules.

Histochemical staining is a laboratory technique used in biology and medicine to visualize specific chemical components...