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visual Dictionary Terms

embedded vision
Embedded vision refers to the integration of computer vision technologies into various embedded systems, devices, or...
illuminometer
A photometric instrument used to measure the illumination falling on a surface. It may be photoelectric or visual.
laser texturing
Laser texturing is a manufacturing process that involves using a laser beam to selectively modify the surface of a material,...
superresolution
Superresolution refers to the enhancement or improvement of the spatial resolution beyond the conventional limits imposed by...
excimer laser coronary angioplasty
Excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) refers to a medical procedure used in the treatment of coronary artery disease....
reticle
A reticle, also known as a reticule or graticule, is a pattern or set of markings placed in the focal plane of an optical...
multispectral imaging
Multispectral imaging is a technique that involves capturing and analyzing images at multiple discrete spectral bands within...
saturation
1. The decrease of the absorption (or gain) coefficient of a medium near some transition frequency when the power of the...
nanoparticle photonic resonator absorption microscopy
Nanoparticle photonic resonator absorption microscopy is a microscopy technique that combines the principles of photonic...
spectroscope
In a general sense, any one of a class of instruments used to disperse radiation, visible or invisible, into its component...
flight path deviation indicator
An instrument designed to give a visual indication to the pilot when the plane has strayed from a specific flight path.
STED microscopy
STED microscopy, or stimulated emission depletion microscopy, is a superresolution imaging technique in fluorescence...
thermography
Thermography is a technique that involves the use of an infrared imaging device, called a thermal camera or infrared camera,...
mesopic vision
Vision at intermediate levels of luminance between photopic and scotopic vision, where both retinal cones and retinal rods...
digital holographic microscopy
Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is an advanced imaging technique that combines holography and digital image processing...
Huefner spectrophotometer
A visual spectrophotometer with a rhomb located directly before the entrance aperture of a constant-deviation...
videography
Videography refers to the process of capturing moving images and recording them in a digital format. It involves the use of...
Munsell Book Of Color
A collection of color samples arranged in charts according to equal visually spaced steps in Munsell hue, value and chroma.
B-scope
A cathode-ray display where information is represented visually as spots. Each spot's location is represented by a...
fiber optic imaging bundle
A fiber optic imaging bundle is a specialized optical device composed of multiple optical fibers bundled together. Each...
apparent movement
The visual perception of motion when fixed stimuli are exposed in rapid temporal and spatial succession.
detector
1. A device designed to convert the energy of incident radiation into another form for the determination of the presence of...
fluorescence
Fluorescence is a type of luminescence, which is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other...
binocular parallax
The difference in angular bearing of an object as seen by the two eyes, due to the separation of the visual optical axes.
CMOS image sensor
A CMOS image sensor, short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor, is a type of semiconductor device used...
refresh rate
Rate at which an image on a computer screen is redrawn (usually 50 or 60 Hz) to prevent flicker caused by the decay of the...
visual axis
An imaginary line between the object, through the nodal point of the eye, and the fovea, or point of finest retinal acuity.
optical character recognition
Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technology that is used to convert printed or handwritten text into...
process camera
A photographic camera designed to produce reproduction film of visual information (pictures, line drawings, graphs) for...
beam profiling
Beam profiling is a technique used to characterize and analyze the spatial intensity distribution of a laser beam. It...
infrared camera
An infrared camera, also known as a thermal imaging camera or IR camera, is a device that captures and visualizes the...
eyepiece
Also known as ocular. The lens system used between the final real image in a visual optical system and eye. It acts as an...
structured illumination microscopy
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is an advanced optical imaging technique used in microscopy to enhance the...
visually coupled airborne systems simulator
A visual system including a tiny television tube and imaging optics, all contained in a helmet to be worn by pilots in...
immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting antigens or haptens in cells of a tissue section by using labeled...
helmet-mounted display
A compact optical projection system, mounted on or built into a helmet, and used to project data or a scene directly into...
endoscope
An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing and examining the interior of hollow organs, body cavities, or...
night-vision device
A device that uses low-level visible radiation or infrared radiation to produce a visual image of a night scene. These...
single molecule localization microscopy
Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a group of super-resolution microscopy techniques that surpass the...
second-harmonic generation microscopy
A nonlinear label-free imaging technique commonly used during surgical procedures for the visualization of collagen fibers...
optical design software
Optical design software refers to specialized computer programs used by optical engineers, physicists, and designers to...
photoconductive detector
A device for detecting visual and infrared radiation using a photoconductor as the principle sensing element.
optical comparator
Typically used for the examination of manufactured or engineered parts, an optical gauging device, in which a backlight is...
magnon
A magnon is a quasiparticle representing a quantized spin wave in a magnetic material. In other words, it is a collective...
equidensities
1. A contour map of a photographic deposit consisting of lines and curves that join points of equal density. 2. The...
high dynamic range
High dynamic range (HDR) refers to a technology that allows for a broader and more dynamic range of luminosity in visual...
quantitative phase imaging
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is an advanced imaging technique used in microscopy to measure and analyze the optical...
uniform color space
A color space in which equal distances represent equal visually perceived color differences.
differential interference contrast microscopy
Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast microscopy, is an optical...
hyperspectral imaging
Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced imaging technique that captures and processes information from across the...
automated optical inspection
Automated optical inspection (AOI) is a technology used in manufacturing processes, particularly in electronics, to...
colorimeter
A colorimeter is a device used to measure and quantify the color characteristics of an object or a light source. It provides...
data analysis display
An accurate cathode-ray tube display used to provide visual representation stored in a computer for the interpretation and...
thermal-infrared camera
A thermal-infrared camera, often referred to simply as a thermal camera, is a type of imaging device that detects infrared...
three-photon microscopy
Three-photon microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that belongs to the family of multi-photon microscopy methods. It...
time domain
The time domain is a concept used in signal processing and analysis to describe signals in terms of their behavior over...
clear eye distance
In a visual optical system, the axial distance from the last mechanical surface of the eyepiece to the exit pupil.
acoustical holography
The optical reconstruction of image information contained in a sound field. First the diffraction pattern, formed by an...
remote inspection
Remote inspection refers to the process of inspecting, evaluating, or monitoring assets, equipment, infrastructure, or...
blindness
The inability to perceive visual images (visible radiant energy). In human beings, blindness is defined as a visual acuity...
gastroscope
An optical instrument designed for the visual examination of the inside of the stomach.
machine vision
Machine vision, also known as computer vision or computer sight, refers to the technology that enables machines, typically...
microdisplay
A microdisplay is a miniature electronic display technology that is designed to project visual information onto a small...
custom lapping and polishing services
Custom lapping and polishing services involve specialized processes used to improve the surface finish and dimensional...
digital video compression
A step-by-step method of reducing the amount of data in a digital video signal to transmit or store a high-quality image....
electrophoretic display
An electrophoretic display, often referred to as an electronic paper display or e-paper display, is a type of electronic...
radar display
The spontaneous visual presentation of radar information by electronic traces on a cathode-ray tube.
micro-optical coherence tomography
Micro-optical coherence tomography (micro-OCT) is an imaging technique that is an adaptation of optical coherence tomography...
Koenig-Martens spectrophotometer
A visual, single-unit spectrophotometer with a biprism and a Wollaston prism. The Wollaston prism polarizes coincident...
negative ghost
A ghost image that has the reverse lightness relations of the original image. This phenomenon is a common optical illusion...
objective
The optical element that receives light from the object and forms the first or primary image in telescopes and microscopes....
integration time
Integration time, in the context of optics, imaging systems, and sensor technology, refers to the duration over which a...
reflectance confocal microscopy
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows for high-resolution, in vivo imaging...
apparent visual angle
The angle subtended by an object, determined by the size of the object and its distance from the viewer.
vergence
The angular relation between two light rays that originated at the same object point. Sometimes used to indicate the angle...
beacon
A device, either visual or electronic, that emits signals to identify set positions for use in the navigation of aircraft...
visual field
The angular field of view that is seen by the eyes when fixed on a point straight ahead. The normal binocular visual field...
spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
physiological optics
The study of visual perception by the sense of sight.
adaptation
Spontaneous changes to the visual system making it more or less sensitive to light.
computer vision
Computer vision enables computers to interpret and make decisions based on visual data, such as images and videos. It...
fluorescence microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique used in biology, chemistry, and materials science to...
ospin
Opsins are a group of light-sensitive proteins found primarily in the retinas of vertebrate and invertebrate eyes, as well...
tearing
In television, a lateral displacement of the lines from their normal position due to the instability of a synchronizing...
photodetector
A photodetector, also known as a photosensor or photodiode, is a device that detects and converts light into an electrical...
flexible display
A flexible display refers to a type of electronic visual display that is designed to be bendable, foldable, or rollable,...
total internal reflection fluorescence
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an advanced fluorescence microscopy technique that leverages the...
optical coherence tomography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used in medical and scientific fields to capture...
rolling shutter artifacts
Rolling shutter artifacts are distortions or visual anomalies that can occur in images or videos captured by cameras with...
frame rate
Frame rate refers to the frequency at which consecutive images, or frames, are displayed in a video sequence. It is...
after-image
That image remaining on the detector after the primary stimulus has been removed. In the visual system, the after-image...
chroma
1. Attribute of a visual sensation that permits a judgment to be made of the amount of pure chromatic color present. 2. The...
augmented reality
Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that integrates digital information, typically in the form of computer-generated...
volumetric imaging
Volumetric imaging refers to the capture, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional (3D) information from a volume of...
phototheranostics
Phototheranostics, a portmanteau of "photo" (light), "therapy," and "diagnostics," refers to an emerging field that combines...
Fresnel lens
A Fresnel lens is a type of optical lens that consists of a series of concentric grooves or steps carved into a flat, thin...
movement parallax
The visual phenomenon of the apparent difference in the rate of motion of two objects that are actually moving at the same...
hyperspectral resolution
Hyperspectral resolution refers to the level of detail or granularity in the spectral information captured by a...
fluorophore
A fluorophore is a molecule or a portion of a molecule that has the ability to emit light upon excitation by an external...
autofluorescence
Autofluorescence refers to the natural emission of fluorescence exhibited by certain biological structures or molecules when...
Liebmann effect
The visual perception of contrasting forms is more difficult if the forms have the same luminance but different...
Lovibond tintometer
A subtractive colorimeter that expresses a liquid's or object's color as a combination of three colors. These colors are...
computer graphics
Computer output in the form of pictorial representation (graphs, charts, drawings, etc.) that is displayed visually.
visual range
The value of the expanse of b-particles in an absorber, evaluated by visual examination of breaks in the absorption curve.
machine vision system
A machine vision system is an integrated combination of hardware and software components designed to capture, process, and...
halogen lamp
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that uses a...
whiteness measurement
The use of whiteness formulas to replace visual assessment.
macula lutea
The small central portion of the human retina that is responsible for providing the clearest, and most distinct aspects of...
mid-infrared camera
A mid-infrared camera is a type of imaging device designed to capture images in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range,...
visually coupled display
light pen
A handheld, light-sensitive device that is used with a display console to directly change, measure or erase the visual...
threshold contrast
In visual perception, the smallest difference in illumination perceived on the average.
empty magnification
Magnification that is above the level of maximum useful magnification and does not contribute useful resolving power. In a...
light diffusion
Light diffusion refers to the process by which light is scattered or spread out in various directions as it interacts with a...
image converter
An electron tube that employs electromagnetic radiation to produce a visual replica of an image produced on its cathode....
visual angle
The angle subtended by an object at the point of observation.
fluorescent protein
Fluorescent proteins are proteins that exhibit the property of fluorescence, which is the ability to absorb light at a...
microscopy
Microscopy is a scientific technique that involves the use of microscopes to observe and study objects that are too small to...
point cloud
A point cloud is a set of data points in a three-dimensional coordinate system, where each point represents a specific...
time-lapse optical coherence tomography
Time-lapse optical coherence tomography (OCT) refers to a medical imaging technique that captures a series of sequential OCT...
advanced tactical air reconnaissance system
An aerial reconnaissance system that can transmit, in near real time, image data recorded by IR and visual-spectrum sensors,...
visibility meter
1. An instrument used to determine the visual range in an environment. 2. A type of photometer that artificially reduces an...
image processor
A device embodying a microprocessor that converts an image to digital form and then further enhances the image to prepare it...
serioscopy
A variation of tomography, which is a means of visualizing any one of a large set of parallel planes in the patient. A...
lateral vision
The perception of visual stimuli at the left and right outer boundaries of the visual field.
visual fault locator
A device that enables visual tracing of a fiber optic cable to check for breaks and defects by coupling visible light into...
metabolic imaging
Metabolic imaging refers to the visualization and quantification of metabolic processes within living organisms, tissues, or...
swept source optical coherence tomography
Swept-source optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique used in medical diagnostics, particularly in...
electroluminescent display
The utilization of the light produced when electrical energy is directly converted into light within devices used for visual...
optical dynameter
A small low-power microscope or magnifier with a scale that is used to measure the exit pupil diameter and eye relief on...
display console
A visual display used with a computer to give access to the many elements of data as an array of points. With the display...
comparator-densitometer
A device used to project a reference spectrum next to a spectrum to be analyzed to provide visual comparison.
machine vision lighting
Machine vision lighting refers to the use of specific lighting techniques and equipment in the field of machine vision,...
Photoelastic equipment and supplies
Photoelastic equipment and supplies refer to instruments and materials used in photoelasticity, a technique used to analyze...
image
In optics, an image is the reconstruction of light rays from a source or object when light from that source or object is...
cystoscope
An endoscope used for the visual examination of the bladder.
critical fusion frequency
The fusion frequency of flicker that is needed just to produce complete fusion and to assure the visual sensation of...
pulse analyzer
The instrument used to analyze a pulsed electromagnetic wave to determine its time, amplitude, duration and shape, and to...
visual binaries
A pair of stars (double star) that can be seen separately with a telescope, generally by setting a filar micrometer for the...
television signal
The combination of the audio and visual signals that are transmitted and received at the same time, correlating the scene...
imaging science
The science of producing, recording, storing, transmitting and displaying visual images by any system (photographic, video,...
chip-on-board lights
Chip-on-board (COB) lights refer to a type of LED lighting technology where multiple LED chips are directly mounted onto a...
acuity, visual
 ophthalmic instruments
A family of specialized instruments used by ophthalmologists and optometrists to study a patient's eyes and prescribe...
color
The attribute of visual experience that can be described as having quantitatively specifiable dimensions of hue, saturation,...
atomic force microscope
An atomic force microscope (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging and measurement instrument used in nanotechnology, materials...
ultrasonic
Ultrasonic refers to sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing, typically above...
visual acuity
The numerical definition of the ability of an observer to perceive fine detail. The average value may be taken as one...
advanced driver assistance systems
Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) refers to a set of safety features and technologies designed to assist drivers in...
phase contrast microscopy
Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that enhances the contrast of transparent and colorless...
metameric match
Visual equivalence of physically (usually spectrally) different stimuli.
match
The condition of identity of visual appearance.
star testing
The visual examination by a trained observer of the image of a point source. Any coloring or departure from the Airy disc...
stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a superresolution microscopy technique that enables imaging of...
high-speed motion camera
A high-speed motion camera, also known as a high-speed camera or slow-motion camera, is a specialized imaging device...
landolt ring
A broken circle used as the test object in distinguishing visual acuity. The width of the gap in the circle is equal to the...
neuromorphic vision sensor
A neuromorphic vision sensor is a type of imaging device designed to mimic the structure and functioning of the human visual...
intravital microscopy
Intravital microscopy is an imaging technique used to visualize biological processes within living organisms, typically in...
orange peel
In the context of imaging, particularly digital imaging and printing, "orange peel" refers to a texture or visual distortion...
charge-injection device
A charge-injection device (CID) refers to a class of devices that manipulate and detect electrical charge within a...
neon indicator tube
A cold-cathode tube containing neon and designed to visually determine a potential difference or field.
visual photometer
A photometer that permits visual comparison of the luminance of two surfaces.
threshold
1. In visual perception, the minimum value of stimulus that can be perceived on the average. 2. In optical detection...
aniseikonia
A visual defect that produces a disparity in the sizes of the images formed by the two eyes.
event-based sensor
An event-based image sensor, also known as a dynamic vision sensor (DVS), is a type of digital imaging device designed to...
audiovisual
Concerned with the transmission and reception of both sight and sound. An audiovisual system communicates pictorial images...
light field
The term light field refers to the spatial distribution of light rays traveling in all directions through a given space. It...
embedded laser
The term "embedded laser" typically refers to a laser device that is integrated or embedded into a larger system or...
eye relief
Also termed eye distance. The distance between the vertex of the last optical surface of a visual optical system and the...
optical combiner
An optical combiner, in the context of optics and display technologies, refers to a device or component that combines...
holographic camera
A holographic camera, also known as a holographic imaging system or holographic recorder, is a specialized device used to...
calcium indicator
A calcium indicator is a molecule that is sensitive to changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations in biological systems....
developer
A chemical solution that changes the silver salts (latent image) of exposed photographic film into black metallic silver...
holography
Holography is a technique used to capture and reconstruct three-dimensional images using the principles of interference and...
long-wave infrared
Long-wave infrared (LWIR) refers to a specific range of the infrared spectrum. Infrared radiation is divided into three main...
histochemical staining
Histochemical staining is a laboratory technique used in biology and medicine to visualize specific chemical components...
visual storage tube
An electron tube that stores and visually displays information by means of a cathode-ray-beam-scanning and charge-storage...
infrared lens
An infrared lens is an optical component specifically designed and optimized for transmitting, focusing, or manipulating...
color temperature
A colorimetric concept related to the apparent visual color of a source (not its temperature). For a blackbody, the color...
ophthalmology
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyes and visual system....
photochromic
Photochromic refers to a property exhibited by certain materials, typically organic compounds or dyes, which undergo...
visual test chart
A series of high contrast block letters or similar objects arranged to permit the evaluation of eyesight in humans.
contrast filter
A filter designed to improve contrast in an imaging system. For visual and black and white photosystems, a yellow filter is...
brightness meter
An instrument for measuring the brightness (luminance) of a scene. It may be a spot meter, covering an area of a degree or...
field of view
The field of view (FOV) refers to the extent of the observable world or the visible area that can be seen at any given...
deep learning
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to model and solve complex...
limiting angular subtense (amin)
The apparent visual angle that divides intrabeam viewing from extended-source viewing.
fluorescent whitening agents
Agents used for testing light sources and natural daylight with visual and instrumental assessment using a set of white...
otoscope
An otoscope is a medical device used by healthcare professionals, particularly ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists,...
microspectroscope
A system composed of a prism spectroscope and compound microscope to provide the visual comparison of two spectra...
bronchoscope
An optical instrument designed to permit the visual examination of the interior of the bronchi.
Snellen letter
The letter form used on visual performance test charts. The overall letter height is equal to five times the thickness of...

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